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Chapter 16
The Endocrine System - Hormones, Feedback & Regulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocrine system is the __ control system | slow |
| the endocrine system is the coordination and communication system that relies on: | hormones and chemical substances that is released in bloodstream to deliver messages to cells of the body |
| what are hormones? | chemical messengers secreted by cells into the bloodstream |
| hormones binds to the ____, which: | activates the response |
| hormones travel through the ___, this regulates ____ | blood - regulates metabolic function of other cells in the body |
| hormones are produced by: | endocrine glands |
| once hormones are initiated, they tend to__ | last much longer than those in the nervous system |
| hormones has a __ period | lag |
| endocrine glands release their hormones into surrounding __ | tissue fluid |
| endocrine glands are also known as: | ductless glands |
| endocrine glands are called ductless glands because they__ | produce hormones - lack ducts |
| several organs include endocrine tissue like the: | thymus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas & gonaads |
| proteins are: | soluble |
| lipids are: | insoluble |
| most hormones are: | acid-based |
| amino-acid based hormones includes: | proteins, peptides & amino acids derivatives |
| insulin, epinephrine & thyroxine are all: | amino-acid based hormones |
| amino acid based hormones binds to an __ | extracellular receptor |
| amino acid based hormones __ cross the cell membrane | cannot |
| steroids are synthesized from: | cholestrol |
| steroids __ cross cell membrane | can |
| steroids are composed of: | lipids |
| the structure of the hormone determines the: | mechanism of action |
| steroids bind to an __ receptor | intracellular |
| steroids change when : | genes are being transcribed |
| the hormone response depends on the | target cell type |
| hormone effects can include: | alters plasma membrane, stimulates enzyme synthesis, activates/deactivates enzyme, induce secretion, stimulate mitosis |
| how does a hormone communicate with its target cell? | by lipid-soluble & water soluble hormonmes |
| what is a membrane potential? | the charge across membrane potential |
| __ can accept or reject a gene | hormones |
| hormones are regulated through ___ feedback | negative |
| what turns on gene expression? | transcription |
| the water soluble molecules has : | a receptor on its cell |
| the water-soluble hormone is known as: | 2nd messenger signaling |
| step 1 of 2nd messenger signaling | hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor |
| step 2 of 2nd messenger signaling | receptor activates G protein |
| step 3 of 2nd messenger signaling | G protein activates adenylate cyclase |
| step 4 of 2nd messenger signaling | adenylate cyclase converts ATP --> cAMP (2nd messenger) |
| step 5 of 2nd messenger signaling | cAMP activates protein kinases |
| in step 1 of the 2nd messenger signaling when the hormone binds to the receptor. what occurs? | the shape of the G protein & receptor is changed |
| when GDP and GTP combines in step 1 of the 2nd messenger signaling, what happens? | turns on receptor |
| what is adenylate cyclase? | an enzyme that turns ATP --> cAMP |
| what is protein kinases? | turns things on & off that happens inside portein |
| lipid soluble hormones go through a process called: | direct gene activation |
| in lipid soluble hormones, they can get through the cell membrane by: | diffusion |
| step 1 of direct gene activation: | steroid hormone diffuses through a plasma membrane & binds to intracellular receptor |
| step 2 of direct gene activation: | receptor hormone enters nucleus |
| step 3 of direct gene activation: | receptor hormon bindes a specific DNA region |
| step 4 of direct gene activation: | binding initiates transcription of gene --> mRNA |
| step 5 of direct gene activation: | mRNA directs protein synthesis |
| ___ is used when you want to slow down a response or process | negative feedback |
| humoral stimuli | release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients |
| neural stimuli | release caused by direct nerve signaling to release epinephrine |
| hormonal stimuli | release caused by another hormone |
| what is feedback inhibition? | when a molecule comes back & shut down |
| if a target cell doesn't have a receptor it can: | ignore signal |
| target cell activation depends on what 3 things? | blood levels of hormone number of receptors on target cell binding connection btw hormone & receptor |
| in up-regulation, you need: | more receptors b/c hormone levels are low |
| down regulation change the way they respond because of: | high levels of hormones - decreases number of receptors |
| in permissiveness ___ | 1 hormone requires another for its full effect |
| if there is a combined effect & hormones are amplified. this is: | synergism |
| antagonism is when: | 1 hormone opposes the action of the other |
| the growth hormone is produced in the: | anterior pituitary |
Created by:
Mariahj25
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