Anat-The Brain
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| four major parts of the brain | brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
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| function/location of brainstem | connects spinal cord to the brain
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| parts of the brainstem | medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon
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| location of medulla oblongata | connects to the spinal cord (continuation of it??)
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| location of pons | swelling on the anterior side of the brainstem
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| location of mesencephalon | deep, connects brainstem and human brain (the rest of the brain)
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| nucleus | concentration/collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS that carries out a particular function
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| function of medulla oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, and swallowing and reflexive actions: vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, and sneezing
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| function of pons | "bridge", connects brain's parts so that action potentials can flow
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| nucleus of pons | sleep and respiratory center-- can influence the respiratory nucleus in the medulla
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| mesencephalon | midbrain
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| mesencephalon function #1 | integral part of auditory pathway in the CNS (runs from inner ear to cerebrum)
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| mesencephalon function #2 | produces a dopamine hormone that stimulates muscles to stop them from contracting, damage to this area can cause Parkinson's
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| cerebellum structure/appearance | cauliflower-shaped, contains 50% of the neurons of the brain even though it's a small structure
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| cerebellum function | involved in control of balance, posture (receives positional information to maintain balance and posture), locomotion, and fine motor coordination producing smooth, flowing movements
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| cerebellum function example | playing the piano properly VS. banging on the keys with your fist-- adds details to signals from the brain (play the piano) and coordinates awareness of position and necessary adjustments
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| components of diencephalon | thalamus (walls), epithalamus (posterior wall), and hypothalamus (floor)
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| diencephalon structure | surrounds a cavity, tissue is the walls, floor, etc.
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| thalamus structure | largest part of the diencephalon
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| thalamus function #1 | most sensory information projects here before going to the cerebrum (except for olfaction-- goes directly to the cerebrum)
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| thalamus function #2 | filters the sensory information (ex. filters out background noise when having a conversation in a noisy room)
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| thalamus function #3 | influences mood and actions such as fear, anger, or rage
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| major structure epithalamus | pineal gland (endocrine)
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| pineal gland function | may influence the sleep-wake cycle (Circadian rhythm) by producing melatonin which induces sleepiness
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| hypothalamus function #1 | ANS control
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| hypothalamus function #2 | endocrine control (pituitary gland is an anterior extension of the hypothalamus); regulates growth, maturity of sexual organs, metabolic rate, and reproduction
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| hypothalamus function #3 | muscle control (Ex. shivering, swallowing)
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| hypothalamus function #4 | temperature regulation (shivering and sweating)
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| hypothalamus function #5 | regulation of food and water intake, "hungry" and "thirsty" signals go here
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| hypothalamus function #6 | emotions: anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, contentment, sex drive, orgasm
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| hypothalamus function #7 | regulation of sleep-wake cycle, controls the production of melatonin by the pineal gland
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| cerebrum hemispheres (halves) | right and left
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| cerebrum lobes | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal (all under corresponding bones), and insula (deep, can't see it externally)
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| cerebrum function | center for cognition, intelligence, individuality, memory, foresight, emotions, muscular control, interpretation of sensory data, and understanding of the world
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| gyrus | fold
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| sulcus | groove
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| meninges | connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and are continuous with those of the spinal cord
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| superficial meninx | dura mater
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| middle meninx | arachnoid mater
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| deep meninx | pia mater
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| dura mater structure | has sinuses for blood to circulate
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| pia mater location | bound tightly to the brain
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| subdural space function | contains serous fluid
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| subarachnoid space function | contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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| epidural space function | NOTHING!! dura mater basically contacts the skull bones
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| ventricles | cavity spaces in the brain that connect with each other and the central canal of the spinal cord (ventricles are derived from here)
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| central canal | tiny hole in the center of the spinal cord
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| ventricle names | lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, fourth ventricle
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| fourth ventricle location | between cerebellum and pons (in brainstem)
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| lateral ventricles location/structure | one in each hemisphere, c-shaped/horseshoe shaped
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| third ventricle location/structure | really thin space in the diencephalon, connected to each of the lateral ventricles
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| choroid plexuses location | extensions in the walls of ventricles
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| choroid plexuses function | filter and alter fluid from blood to make CSF, which fills the ventricles and other parts of the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space
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| CSF characteristics | similar to serum (formed from blood fluid) with most of the proteins removed
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| CSF function #1 | bathes the brain and spinal cord
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| CSF function #2 | provides a protective cushion around the CNS, absorbs some impact energy
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| CSF function #3 | provides some nutrients (such as glucose) to CNS tissues
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| production of CSF | produced by ependymal cells in the ventricles of the brain
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| the brain receives _________________ of blood pumped by the heart | 15-20%
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| arteries through which brain receives blood | right and left internal carotid arteries (through the carotid canal) and right and left vertebral arteries (through the foramen magnum)
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| results of several minutes of interruption to blood flow to the brain | unconsciousness and irreversible brain damage
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| corpus callosum | connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
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Created by:
Jean-O
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