Cardiac Chp. 1,2,5
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| what is your solid total body weight % | 40%
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| if you drink a large volume of water, how much goes to the interstitial space | 2/3
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| control of interstitial composition is accomplished via | diffusion
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| what % of the right pulmonary arteries deliveries ____ bld to the lungs | 60%
un-oxygenated
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| how many pulmonary viens are there? | 4
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| chronontropy | HR
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| inotrophy | increase force of contraction of ventricles and atrium
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| dromotropy | increase action potential conduction velocity
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| under normal conditions (not in heart failure) as you increase the preload the greater the cardiac output (increase in SV) | Starlings law
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| this initateds p waves 60-90bpm | SA node
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| this is described as an upper portion that cocks the bullet (delay in action) and lower fires the bullet | AV node
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| parasympathetic system affects which parts of the heart | Atrium and AV node only
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| sympathetic system effects which part of the heart | atrium and ventricle
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| which layer of the vessel is responsible for not allowing the blood to clot and releases a substance into the bld to prevent clots | endothelium
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| what is an example of a conduit vessel and is describe as having a _____ component | aorta and arteries, elastic
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| resistance vessels are | arterioles
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| capillaries are ______ vessels and have ____ pressure | exchange, very low
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| these venules and viens are ____ vessels and contain __% of the bld volume | capacitance vessels
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| true or false venules and viens are the smallest bld vessels in the vasculature | false, caplillaries
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| these vessels have very thich walls, more smooth muscle, less elastic than arteries and regulate peripheral bld flow | resistance, arterioles
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| elastic rebound of the aorta maintains diastole or systole | Diastole
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| perfusion of the L ventricle occurs during diastole or systole? | Diastole
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| which vessles has the largest cross-sectional area? | capillaries
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| which nerve affects the __ node and for the _____ nervous system | vagus, parasympatheic
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| flow equation | ΔP×∏r⁴/8nl
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| the greatest amount of O2 consumed during the cardiac cycle? | isovolumetric contraction
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| how do you decrease the osmotic load of PRBC 250cc=80% Hct (1 unit)? | diluate in 250cc of NS will decrease osmotic load to 40%
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| cardiac muscle cells have no___channels | Na
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| these cells are self generating action potentials and conduct from cell to cell | cardiac muscle cells
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| these cells have no specialized conduction system, initiate action potentials, and slow response action potentials | pacemaker cells
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| thse cardiac cells have a fast response action potential | cardiac muscle cells
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| in phase 3 of the cardiac muscle cell repolarization is due to | K
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| this phase is called diastolic depolarization or pacemaker potential | phase 4
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| this phase has a slower initial depolarization phase and is responsible by the inward movement of Ca | Phase 0
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| this phase has a lower amplitude overshoot | phase 1
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| this phase has no plateau phase due to lack of slow Na channels | phase 2
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| repolarization due to K, closure of Ca and Na channels, elevated intracellular Ca causes K opening, which phase is this? | Phase 3
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| contraction of the atrium after initiation of action potential is reflective of which wave enlarged a wave= | a wave
increased atrial volume
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| cusp value is reflective of which wave | c wave
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| ventricular contraction and atrium filling is reflective of which wave enlarged v wave= | v wave
mitral regurgitation
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| which ventricle holds the most amount of volume | R ventricle
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| with waveforms are the same but have different pressures | PAP and Arterial
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| which extracelluar compartment transports via convection | intravascular or Plasma
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| areas of low resistance receive ____ flow | high
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| longer the length _____ the resistance | increase
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| larger the radius _____ the resistance | decrease
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| stroke volume in ml | 60ml
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| for the aortic value to open it you must overcome _____ by increasing ______ | systemic vascular resistance, intraventricular pressure
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| true or false right and left sides must have the same cardiac output, which is? | true, 5-6L/min
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| this receives the deoxygenated blood from the coronary arteries | coronary sinus
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| end tidal CO2= | perfusion
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| which two organs need oxygen and % usage | Brain 60%
Heart 80%
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| organs that don't tolerate decreased perfusion | Brain, Cardiac muscle, and skeletol muscle
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| Lung, kidney, Gi tract, liver, and skin | are organs that can tolerate deceases in perfusion
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| during systole, which valves open | mitral and aortic
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| these vessels stretch to twice their unloaded length | conduit vessels, arteries and aorta
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| formed element are? where are they formed? And what is normal % | PRBC, Plts, WBCs
formed in the bone marrow
40%
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| Na ___mV, Ca ___mV, more outside then inside K ___mV,more inside than outside | +70
+100
-90
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| permeability of an ion is dependent on the number of channels ____ | open
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| what are the types of cardiac cell | cardiac muscle cells and pacemaker cells
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| how does the PNS slow down the SA node rate | ACh increases the permeabiliyt to K and decreases the permeability of Na
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| NE increases the permeability to Na and Ca, this is how | the SNS increases the SA node rate.
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| what is the basic functional unit | sacromere
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| ___ head bind to ___ causing a contraction | myosin, actin
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| ____ causes muscle to relax, releasing myosin head form actin and reposition it for another contraction | ATP
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| excittion contraction coupling promotes release of ___ form the ___ to initiate contraction | Ca, SR
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| ATP provides energy to break Ca binding, resulting in _____ | relaxation
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| what are the main components when assessing the heart muscle | Preload, Afterload, Contractility, HR
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| Contractility is asessed via | Echo, SV
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| you notice that the arterial line waveform has a very peaked, narrow waveform, this is indicative of | aortic stenosis
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| what can increase the slope of phase 4 | arterial hypoxemia, hypercarbia, catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, acute hypokalemia, hyperthermia, HTN
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| vagal stimulation, positive airway pressure, acute hyperkalemia, arrythmias | are things that can decrease the slope of phase 4
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| what is the duration of the PR interval | less than 200 ms
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| QRS interval | less than 120ms
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| ways to treat arrhythmias | Correct the source, antidysrhythmic drugs, electrical cardioversion, artificial cardiac pacemaker
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| how do you dx the location of a BBB? Which lead is LBBB found in and a RBBB | RBBB: V₁
LBBB:Lead I
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| What is the most common dysrhythmia | Sinus tachycardia
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| What is the treatment for bradycardia | Atrophine 0.4mg on less
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| which atrial dysrhythmia has no effective atrial contraction, loss filling in LV, with intermediate contractions | A. flutter
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| this atrial dysrhythmia has no contraction in atruim, electial problem | A. Fib
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| this rhythm is considered: irregular, irregular | A. fib
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| there will be lose of S₁ and no a wave in the CVP | A.fib
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| what are the bpm for SA, AV, and Ventricular | SA 60-80
AV 30-40
Vent. 20-30
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| intermediate contractions of the atrium, variable P wave pattern of firing | WAP
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| QRS must change direction, T wave is in the opposite direction of the QRS, Widen QRS | how to dx a ventricular premature beat
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| where is the delta wave located and what disorder, and what don't you treat this disorder with | in the QRS, WPW syndrome, Verapamil
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| what happens when the valve becomes tight? | increased load, increased resistance, depending on the location of the valve
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| what happen when you have a regurgitant valve | volume problems, either too much or too little
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| which conditions have LV pressure overload | Aortic stenosis, IHSS
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| which conditions have LV volume overload | AI, MR
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| which conditions have LV pressure and volume overload | Mitral stenosis
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| what are the compensatory mechanisms | pressure overload (myocardial hypertrophy), volume overload (Dilation), changes in vascular tone and SNS activity
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| what is the coronary perfusion equation | CPP=ADP-LVEDP
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| Dyspnea on exertion, angina, and orthostatic exertional syncope are clinical findings for | Aortic stenosis
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| substances are carried between organs by being swept along with the flow of blood | Convection transport
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| both hight volume and low contractility implicates | increased CVP
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| decreased CVP | both low volume and high contractility
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| △P= | Pv-Pc
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| spleen has ___ cc of blood for reserve | 250cc
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| venous return should always = | CO
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| influences of CVP on Venous return | direct perfusion pressure
indirect venous resistance
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| intrathoracic pressure is | negative pressure
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| positive pressure will decrease | venous return
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| what increases intrathoracic pressure | positive pressure ventilation
coughing with closed glottis
valsalva manuever
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| a shift to the left on the CVP curve means | decreased bld volume
decreased peripheral venous return
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| aortic baroreceptors is effected by which nerve | vagus
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| carotid baroreptor is effected by which nerve | glossopharyngeal nerve IX
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| muscles have what kind of receptors | nicotinic
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| sympathetic postganglionic receptors are | α1 α2 β1 β2
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