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A&P Cardiac
Cardiac Chp. 1,2,5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is your solid total body weight % | 40% |
| if you drink a large volume of water, how much goes to the interstitial space | 2/3 |
| control of interstitial composition is accomplished via | diffusion |
| what % of the right pulmonary arteries deliveries ____ bld to the lungs | 60% un-oxygenated |
| how many pulmonary viens are there? | 4 |
| chronontropy | HR |
| inotrophy | increase force of contraction of ventricles and atrium |
| dromotropy | increase action potential conduction velocity |
| under normal conditions (not in heart failure) as you increase the preload the greater the cardiac output (increase in SV) | Starlings law |
| this initateds p waves 60-90bpm | SA node |
| this is described as an upper portion that cocks the bullet (delay in action) and lower fires the bullet | AV node |
| parasympathetic system affects which parts of the heart | Atrium and AV node only |
| sympathetic system effects which part of the heart | atrium and ventricle |
| which layer of the vessel is responsible for not allowing the blood to clot and releases a substance into the bld to prevent clots | endothelium |
| what is an example of a conduit vessel and is describe as having a _____ component | aorta and arteries, elastic |
| resistance vessels are | arterioles |
| capillaries are ______ vessels and have ____ pressure | exchange, very low |
| these venules and viens are ____ vessels and contain __% of the bld volume | capacitance vessels |
| true or false venules and viens are the smallest bld vessels in the vasculature | false, caplillaries |
| these vessels have very thich walls, more smooth muscle, less elastic than arteries and regulate peripheral bld flow | resistance, arterioles |
| elastic rebound of the aorta maintains diastole or systole | Diastole |
| perfusion of the L ventricle occurs during diastole or systole? | Diastole |
| which vessles has the largest cross-sectional area? | capillaries |
| which nerve affects the __ node and for the _____ nervous system | vagus, parasympatheic |
| flow equation | ΔP×∏r⁴/8nl |
| the greatest amount of O2 consumed during the cardiac cycle? | isovolumetric contraction |
| how do you decrease the osmotic load of PRBC 250cc=80% Hct (1 unit)? | diluate in 250cc of NS will decrease osmotic load to 40% |
| cardiac muscle cells have no___channels | Na |
| these cells are self generating action potentials and conduct from cell to cell | cardiac muscle cells |
| these cells have no specialized conduction system, initiate action potentials, and slow response action potentials | pacemaker cells |
| thse cardiac cells have a fast response action potential | cardiac muscle cells |
| in phase 3 of the cardiac muscle cell repolarization is due to | K |
| this phase is called diastolic depolarization or pacemaker potential | phase 4 |
| this phase has a slower initial depolarization phase and is responsible by the inward movement of Ca | Phase 0 |
| this phase has a lower amplitude overshoot | phase 1 |
| this phase has no plateau phase due to lack of slow Na channels | phase 2 |
| repolarization due to K, closure of Ca and Na channels, elevated intracellular Ca causes K opening, which phase is this? | Phase 3 |
| contraction of the atrium after initiation of action potential is reflective of which wave enlarged a wave= | a wave increased atrial volume |
| cusp value is reflective of which wave | c wave |
| ventricular contraction and atrium filling is reflective of which wave enlarged v wave= | v wave mitral regurgitation |
| which ventricle holds the most amount of volume | R ventricle |
| with waveforms are the same but have different pressures | PAP and Arterial |
| which extracelluar compartment transports via convection | intravascular or Plasma |
| areas of low resistance receive ____ flow | high |
| longer the length _____ the resistance | increase |
| larger the radius _____ the resistance | decrease |
| stroke volume in ml | 60ml |
| for the aortic value to open it you must overcome _____ by increasing ______ | systemic vascular resistance, intraventricular pressure |
| true or false right and left sides must have the same cardiac output, which is? | true, 5-6L/min |
| this receives the deoxygenated blood from the coronary arteries | coronary sinus |
| end tidal CO2= | perfusion |
| which two organs need oxygen and % usage | Brain 60% Heart 80% |
| organs that don't tolerate decreased perfusion | Brain, Cardiac muscle, and skeletol muscle |
| Lung, kidney, Gi tract, liver, and skin | are organs that can tolerate deceases in perfusion |
| during systole, which valves open | mitral and aortic |
| these vessels stretch to twice their unloaded length | conduit vessels, arteries and aorta |
| formed element are? where are they formed? And what is normal % | PRBC, Plts, WBCs formed in the bone marrow 40% |
| Na ___mV, Ca ___mV, more outside then inside K ___mV,more inside than outside | +70 +100 -90 |
| permeability of an ion is dependent on the number of channels ____ | open |
| what are the types of cardiac cell | cardiac muscle cells and pacemaker cells |
| how does the PNS slow down the SA node rate | ACh increases the permeabiliyt to K and decreases the permeability of Na |
| NE increases the permeability to Na and Ca, this is how | the SNS increases the SA node rate. |
| what is the basic functional unit | sacromere |
| ___ head bind to ___ causing a contraction | myosin, actin |
| ____ causes muscle to relax, releasing myosin head form actin and reposition it for another contraction | ATP |
| excittion contraction coupling promotes release of ___ form the ___ to initiate contraction | Ca, SR |
| ATP provides energy to break Ca binding, resulting in _____ | relaxation |
| what are the main components when assessing the heart muscle | Preload, Afterload, Contractility, HR |
| Contractility is asessed via | Echo, SV |
| you notice that the arterial line waveform has a very peaked, narrow waveform, this is indicative of | aortic stenosis |
| what can increase the slope of phase 4 | arterial hypoxemia, hypercarbia, catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, acute hypokalemia, hyperthermia, HTN |
| vagal stimulation, positive airway pressure, acute hyperkalemia, arrythmias | are things that can decrease the slope of phase 4 |
| what is the duration of the PR interval | less than 200 ms |
| QRS interval | less than 120ms |
| ways to treat arrhythmias | Correct the source, antidysrhythmic drugs, electrical cardioversion, artificial cardiac pacemaker |
| how do you dx the location of a BBB? Which lead is LBBB found in and a RBBB | RBBB: V₁ LBBB:Lead I |
| What is the most common dysrhythmia | Sinus tachycardia |
| What is the treatment for bradycardia | Atrophine 0.4mg on less |
| which atrial dysrhythmia has no effective atrial contraction, loss filling in LV, with intermediate contractions | A. flutter |
| this atrial dysrhythmia has no contraction in atruim, electial problem | A. Fib |
| this rhythm is considered: irregular, irregular | A. fib |
| there will be lose of S₁ and no a wave in the CVP | A.fib |
| what are the bpm for SA, AV, and Ventricular | SA 60-80 AV 30-40 Vent. 20-30 |
| intermediate contractions of the atrium, variable P wave pattern of firing | WAP |
| QRS must change direction, T wave is in the opposite direction of the QRS, Widen QRS | how to dx a ventricular premature beat |
| where is the delta wave located and what disorder, and what don't you treat this disorder with | in the QRS, WPW syndrome, Verapamil |
| what happens when the valve becomes tight? | increased load, increased resistance, depending on the location of the valve |
| what happen when you have a regurgitant valve | volume problems, either too much or too little |
| which conditions have LV pressure overload | Aortic stenosis, IHSS |
| which conditions have LV volume overload | AI, MR |
| which conditions have LV pressure and volume overload | Mitral stenosis |
| what are the compensatory mechanisms | pressure overload (myocardial hypertrophy), volume overload (Dilation), changes in vascular tone and SNS activity |
| what is the coronary perfusion equation | CPP=ADP-LVEDP |
| Dyspnea on exertion, angina, and orthostatic exertional syncope are clinical findings for | Aortic stenosis |
| substances are carried between organs by being swept along with the flow of blood | Convection transport |
| both hight volume and low contractility implicates | increased CVP |
| decreased CVP | both low volume and high contractility |
| △P= | Pv-Pc |
| spleen has ___ cc of blood for reserve | 250cc |
| venous return should always = | CO |
| influences of CVP on Venous return | direct perfusion pressure indirect venous resistance |
| intrathoracic pressure is | negative pressure |
| positive pressure will decrease | venous return |
| what increases intrathoracic pressure | positive pressure ventilation coughing with closed glottis valsalva manuever |
| a shift to the left on the CVP curve means | decreased bld volume decreased peripheral venous return |
| aortic baroreceptors is effected by which nerve | vagus |
| carotid baroreptor is effected by which nerve | glossopharyngeal nerve IX |
| muscles have what kind of receptors | nicotinic |
| sympathetic postganglionic receptors are | α1 α2 β1 β2 |
Created by:
melbacs
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