Reproductive, Pregnancy & Human Development, Heredity
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| What are the primary sex organs? | Testes & Ovaries
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| What are the secondary organs in a male? | Ducts, glands & penis
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| What are the secondary organs in a female? | Uterus
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| What is the spermatic cord? | strand of connective tissue extending from the abdomen to each testicle
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| What is the cremaster muscle? | surrounds the spermatic cord & contracts in cold weather to draw testes closer to the body (for warmth)
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| How long does stored sperm stay fertile? | 40-60 days
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| What is leydig cells and where are they found? | Produce testosterone, located in the interstitial cells of testes
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| What are seminiferous tubules? | Ducts in which sperm are produced, contained in the walls are sertoli cells which promote the development of sperm
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| What do the efferent ductules do? | Conduct immature sperm away from the testis to the epididymis
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| What is the epididymis? | Location where sperm mature & ultimately are stored
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| What is the vas deferns? | Structure that travels from the epididymis, through the spermatic cord, into the pelvic cavity, & over the ureter to the prostate
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| What are the two triggers of the gonadotropins? | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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| What is the seminal vesicle? | Secretes fluid containing semen, fructose, & other substances into the ejaculatory duct
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| What is the ejaculatory duct? | Pair of tubules that pass through the prostate & empty into the urethra
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| What is the corpus cavernosa? | Two large cylinders of the erectile tissues that fill the shaft & penis
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| Where does spermatogenisis start? | In the seminiferous tubules
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| What is acrosome? | Enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg during fertilization
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| What are the two key qualities of semen and their functions? | Stickiness - sticks to walls of vagina & cervix
Alkalinity - counteracts with the acidity of vagina
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| Describe the ovaries & their location | About the size & shape of almonds, sit on each side of the uterus where they produce both egg cells (ova) & sex hormones
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| What contains thousands of immature eggs? | Ovaries
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| Where does fertilization occur? | Ampula (middle of fallopian tube)
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| What is the fundus? | Curved upper portion of the uterus
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| What is the cervix? | Inferior end of the uterus
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| What is the vagina? | Muscular tube, serves as a receptor for the penis & sperm
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| What is the uterus? | Muscular chamber that houses the growing embryo
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| Where does the embryo attach to? | Endometrium of uterus
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| What secretes milk during lactation? | Acini
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| How long is the average reproductive cycle? | 28 days (can range 20-45 days)
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| What prompts ovulation? | Spike in lutenizing hormone (LH)
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| What triggers menstruation? | Falling levels of estrogen & progesterone
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| What do hormonal birth control methods do? | Interfere with follicular development & ovulation
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| What is a zygote? | Fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes
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| How long is the average gestation? | 40 weeks (3 trimesters)
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| What trimester do most of the organs develop? | 2nd, (13-24 weeks)
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| What is the preembryonic stage? | First 16 days
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| What plays a key role in ensuring continuation of early pregnancy & why? | Trophoblast, because the cells secrete human chronic gonadotropin (HCG)
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| What does HCG do? | Hormone that prompts the corpus leteum to secrete estrogen & progesterone.
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| What hormone stimulates endometrial growth & prevents menstruation? | Progesterone
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| How long does it take from ovulation to implantation? | 6 days
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| What is the amnion's function? | Filled with fluid that protects the embryo from trauma & changes in temperature
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| How does the amnion remain stable? | The fetus urinates in it regularly
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| Does the fetus breathe & swallow the amnion? | Yes
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| How many arteries does the umbilical cord have? | Two
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| How many veins does the umbilical cord have? | One
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| How does the fetal heart pump de-oxygenated blood? | Via the umbilical arteries
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| How does the fetus gain nutrients? | Mothers blood
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| Does maternal blood mix with fetal blood? | No
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| Describe fraternal twins | Two eggs, two sperm, two placenta's
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| Describe identical twins | One egg, one sperm that split in to two, share a placenta
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| How does fetal circulation work? | Most of the blood bypasses the liver by flowing through the ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava
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| What flows through the two umbilical arteries and in to the placenta? | Oxygen-depleted wast- filled blood
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| What does the placenta do? | Cleanses the blood, ridding it of CO2 & waste products
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| How does the fetus receive the cleansed, oxygenated blood? | Umbilical vein
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| When does the fetal heart beat begin? | Day 22
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| What is quickening and when does it occur? | Feeling of fetal movement in the 20th week
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| When is the fetal respiratory system capable of gas exchange? | 28th week
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| How much does maternal blood volume increase? | 30%-50%
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| How much does maternal cardiac input increase and when? | 30%-40% by 27th week because the uterus demands more of the blood supply (HR increases at this time too)
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| What are three possible triggers to the onset of labor? | Decline in progesterone, release of Oxtocin, uterine stretching
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| What is the first stage of labor and how long does it typically last? | Dilation / 6-18hrs
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| What are the key features of 1st stage of labor? | Cervical effacement, cervical dilation, fetal membranes rupture
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| When is the cervix fully dilated? | 4"/10cm
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| What is the 2nd stage of labor? | Cervix is fully dilated and ends when baby is delivered
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| What is the 3rd stage of labor? | Delivery of the placenta
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| What does the anterior pituitary do? | Stimulates prolactin, which stimulates milk production
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| What does the posterior pituitary do? | Stimulates Oxytocin, which stimulates milk secretion
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| What is heredity? | Process of passing traits from biological parents to children
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| What is genetics? | Study of inheritance
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| What is genes? | Segments of DNA that contains traits that each person inherits
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| What is genome? | Complete set of genetic information for one person
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| What is chromosome? | Long strands of tightly coiled DNA found in the cells nucleus
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| What is autosomes? | Each pair of chromosomes consist of a chromosome inherited from the mother and a chromosome from the father (non-sex chromosomes)
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| What is a child's sex determined by? | Presence or absence of certain chromosomes
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| Who does the child get his genetic information from? | Mother and father
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| What is locus? | Location of a specific gene on a chromosome
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| Does the locus of each gene vary from one person to another? | No; allows the genes supplied by the egg to align with the similar genes supplied by the sperm
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| What is Homozygous? | Possessing similar alleles at a given locus
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| What is Heterozygous? | Possessing different alleles at a given locus
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| What happens when an allele for brown eyes is paired with an allele for blue eyes? | Offspring will have brown eyes
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| What does an dominant allele do? | Overshadows the affect of a recessive allele; Offspring express the trait of a dominant allele if both, or only one, chromosome in a pair carries it
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| What does a recessive allele do? | Both chromosomes must carry identical alleles
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| What a equally dominant alleles called? | Co dominant alleles
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| What is mutation? | Permanent change in genetic material
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| What is autosomal dominant inheritance? | In a single gene disorder when the defective allele is dominant, it overrides the normally functioning allele & the disorder results
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| What is the % (chance) when the child receives one copy of the gene from both mother and father | 50%
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| What is autosomal recessive inheritance? | Offspring must inherit two copies of the defective allele before the disorder manifest itself.
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| What happens to a child who inherits a single copy of the allele? | Become a carrier of the disorder (won't develop disorder, but can pass it on the their children)
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