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A&P Chapt 23, 24, 25
Reproductive, Pregnancy & Human Development, Heredity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary sex organs? | Testes & Ovaries |
| What are the secondary organs in a male? | Ducts, glands & penis |
| What are the secondary organs in a female? | Uterus |
| What is the spermatic cord? | strand of connective tissue extending from the abdomen to each testicle |
| What is the cremaster muscle? | surrounds the spermatic cord & contracts in cold weather to draw testes closer to the body (for warmth) |
| How long does stored sperm stay fertile? | 40-60 days |
| What is leydig cells and where are they found? | Produce testosterone, located in the interstitial cells of testes |
| What are seminiferous tubules? | Ducts in which sperm are produced, contained in the walls are sertoli cells which promote the development of sperm |
| What do the efferent ductules do? | Conduct immature sperm away from the testis to the epididymis |
| What is the epididymis? | Location where sperm mature & ultimately are stored |
| What is the vas deferns? | Structure that travels from the epididymis, through the spermatic cord, into the pelvic cavity, & over the ureter to the prostate |
| What are the two triggers of the gonadotropins? | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Lutenizing Hormone (LH) |
| What is the seminal vesicle? | Secretes fluid containing semen, fructose, & other substances into the ejaculatory duct |
| What is the ejaculatory duct? | Pair of tubules that pass through the prostate & empty into the urethra |
| What is the corpus cavernosa? | Two large cylinders of the erectile tissues that fill the shaft & penis |
| Where does spermatogenisis start? | In the seminiferous tubules |
| What is acrosome? | Enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg during fertilization |
| What are the two key qualities of semen and their functions? | Stickiness - sticks to walls of vagina & cervix Alkalinity - counteracts with the acidity of vagina |
| Describe the ovaries & their location | About the size & shape of almonds, sit on each side of the uterus where they produce both egg cells (ova) & sex hormones |
| What contains thousands of immature eggs? | Ovaries |
| Where does fertilization occur? | Ampula (middle of fallopian tube) |
| What is the fundus? | Curved upper portion of the uterus |
| What is the cervix? | Inferior end of the uterus |
| What is the vagina? | Muscular tube, serves as a receptor for the penis & sperm |
| What is the uterus? | Muscular chamber that houses the growing embryo |
| Where does the embryo attach to? | Endometrium of uterus |
| What secretes milk during lactation? | Acini |
| How long is the average reproductive cycle? | 28 days (can range 20-45 days) |
| What prompts ovulation? | Spike in lutenizing hormone (LH) |
| What triggers menstruation? | Falling levels of estrogen & progesterone |
| What do hormonal birth control methods do? | Interfere with follicular development & ovulation |
| What is a zygote? | Fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes |
| How long is the average gestation? | 40 weeks (3 trimesters) |
| What trimester do most of the organs develop? | 2nd, (13-24 weeks) |
| What is the preembryonic stage? | First 16 days |
| What plays a key role in ensuring continuation of early pregnancy & why? | Trophoblast, because the cells secrete human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| What does HCG do? | Hormone that prompts the corpus leteum to secrete estrogen & progesterone. |
| What hormone stimulates endometrial growth & prevents menstruation? | Progesterone |
| How long does it take from ovulation to implantation? | 6 days |
| What is the amnion's function? | Filled with fluid that protects the embryo from trauma & changes in temperature |
| How does the amnion remain stable? | The fetus urinates in it regularly |
| Does the fetus breathe & swallow the amnion? | Yes |
| How many arteries does the umbilical cord have? | Two |
| How many veins does the umbilical cord have? | One |
| How does the fetal heart pump de-oxygenated blood? | Via the umbilical arteries |
| How does the fetus gain nutrients? | Mothers blood |
| Does maternal blood mix with fetal blood? | No |
| Describe fraternal twins | Two eggs, two sperm, two placenta's |
| Describe identical twins | One egg, one sperm that split in to two, share a placenta |
| How does fetal circulation work? | Most of the blood bypasses the liver by flowing through the ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava |
| What flows through the two umbilical arteries and in to the placenta? | Oxygen-depleted wast- filled blood |
| What does the placenta do? | Cleanses the blood, ridding it of CO2 & waste products |
| How does the fetus receive the cleansed, oxygenated blood? | Umbilical vein |
| When does the fetal heart beat begin? | Day 22 |
| What is quickening and when does it occur? | Feeling of fetal movement in the 20th week |
| When is the fetal respiratory system capable of gas exchange? | 28th week |
| How much does maternal blood volume increase? | 30%-50% |
| How much does maternal cardiac input increase and when? | 30%-40% by 27th week because the uterus demands more of the blood supply (HR increases at this time too) |
| What are three possible triggers to the onset of labor? | Decline in progesterone, release of Oxtocin, uterine stretching |
| What is the first stage of labor and how long does it typically last? | Dilation / 6-18hrs |
| What are the key features of 1st stage of labor? | Cervical effacement, cervical dilation, fetal membranes rupture |
| When is the cervix fully dilated? | 4"/10cm |
| What is the 2nd stage of labor? | Cervix is fully dilated and ends when baby is delivered |
| What is the 3rd stage of labor? | Delivery of the placenta |
| What does the anterior pituitary do? | Stimulates prolactin, which stimulates milk production |
| What does the posterior pituitary do? | Stimulates Oxytocin, which stimulates milk secretion |
| What is heredity? | Process of passing traits from biological parents to children |
| What is genetics? | Study of inheritance |
| What is genes? | Segments of DNA that contains traits that each person inherits |
| What is genome? | Complete set of genetic information for one person |
| What is chromosome? | Long strands of tightly coiled DNA found in the cells nucleus |
| What is autosomes? | Each pair of chromosomes consist of a chromosome inherited from the mother and a chromosome from the father (non-sex chromosomes) |
| What is a child's sex determined by? | Presence or absence of certain chromosomes |
| Who does the child get his genetic information from? | Mother and father |
| What is locus? | Location of a specific gene on a chromosome |
| Does the locus of each gene vary from one person to another? | No; allows the genes supplied by the egg to align with the similar genes supplied by the sperm |
| What is Homozygous? | Possessing similar alleles at a given locus |
| What is Heterozygous? | Possessing different alleles at a given locus |
| What happens when an allele for brown eyes is paired with an allele for blue eyes? | Offspring will have brown eyes |
| What does an dominant allele do? | Overshadows the affect of a recessive allele; Offspring express the trait of a dominant allele if both, or only one, chromosome in a pair carries it |
| What does a recessive allele do? | Both chromosomes must carry identical alleles |
| What a equally dominant alleles called? | Co dominant alleles |
| What is mutation? | Permanent change in genetic material |
| What is autosomal dominant inheritance? | In a single gene disorder when the defective allele is dominant, it overrides the normally functioning allele & the disorder results |
| What is the % (chance) when the child receives one copy of the gene from both mother and father | 50% |
| What is autosomal recessive inheritance? | Offspring must inherit two copies of the defective allele before the disorder manifest itself. |
| What happens to a child who inherits a single copy of the allele? | Become a carrier of the disorder (won't develop disorder, but can pass it on the their children) |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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