Reproductive System
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| Primary Sex organs | Testes and ovaries
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| Secondary sex organs | penis and uterus
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| spermatic cord | strand of connective tissue extending from the abdomen to each testicle
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| cremaster mucle | surrounds the spermatic cord and contracts in cold weather to draw testes closer to body for warmth
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| stored mature sperm remain fertile for.... | 40-60 days
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| leydig cells | produce testosterone
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| seminiferous tubules | ducts in which sperm are produces, contained in the walls are sertoli cells which promote the development of sperm
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| epididymis | where sperm mature and ultimately are stored
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| vas deferens | structure that travels from the epididymis through the spermatic cord into the pelvic cavity and over the ureter to the prostate
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| onset of puberty triggers the secretion of two gonadotropins.... | FSH and LH
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| seminal vesicle | secretes fluid containing semen,frutose, and other substances into ejaculatory duct
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| ejaculatory duct | a pair of tubules that pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra
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| corpus cavernosa | two large cylinders of erectile tissue that fill the shaft of the penis
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| spermatogenesis | begins in the seminiferous tubules
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| acrosome | enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg during fertilization
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| two key qualities of semen include.. | stickiness and alkalinity
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| semen stickiness quality | allows semen to stick to the walls of vagina and cervix instead of immediately draining out
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| semen alkalinity | counteracts the acidity of vagina
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| ovaries | two, about the shape of almonds, sits on each side of the uterus, produce eggs and sex hormones, contains thousands of immature eggs.
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| vagina | muscular tube that serves as a receptacle for the penis and sperm
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| an embryo.... | attaches to the endometrium of the uterus
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| uterus | muscular chamber that houses a growing embryo
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| acini | secretes milk during lactation
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| the reproductive cycle averages.. | 28 days in length
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| ovulation | prompted by spike in LH
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| falling levels of estrogen and progesterone trigger.. | menstruation
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| hormonal method of birth control | interferes with follicular development and ovulation
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| gestation cycle | about 40 weeks
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| second trimester | weeks 13 through 24, most of the organs are deeloped
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| preembryonic stage | begins when fertilization forms azygote with 46 chromosomes
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| morula results | blackberry like cluster of 16 cells, mitotic divisions
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| trophoblast | plays key role in ensuring the continuation of an early pregnancy
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| amnion | filled with fluid the protects the embryo from trauma and changes in temp.
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| embryonic stage begins .... | once germ layers are formed (16 days after conception)
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| the umbilical cord contains... | two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
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| the mothers blood and fetus blood.. | does not mix
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| fraternal twins | two placentas
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| the placenta also secretes... | estrogen,progesterone, and HCG to maintain the pregnancy
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| most of the blood bypasses the liver by... | flowing through the ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava
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| the heart begins to beat... | around day 22
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| oxygen-depleted blood flows through the two umbilical arteries to the placenta.... | re-oxygenates it and returns it to the fetus through the umbilical vein
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| fetal movement (quickening) can be felt... | week 20
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| the respiratory system, although immature, is capable of gas exchange | at 28 weeks.
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| physical changes with pregnancy in circulatory system | increase blood volume by 30-50%, cardiac output increase 30-40% by week 27, as uterus demands more blood supply, heart rate increases also
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| probable triggers to labor... | decline in progesterone, release of oxytocin, uterine stretching
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| first stage of labor is longest: | 6-18 hours for first time, short for multiple pregancy
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| stage two of labor | begins with full dilation of the cervix and ends when the baby is born
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| anterior pituitary- prolactin | milk production
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| posterior pituitary- ocytocin | milk secretion, causing the lobules in the breast to contract forcing milk into the ducts
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| heredity | process of passing traits from biological parents to children
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| genetics | the study of inheritance
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| genes | segments of DNA
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| chromosomes | consist of long strands tightly coiled DNA
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| autosomes | chromosomes from mother and chromosomes from father
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| female gametes contain only... | X chromosomes
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| a child's sex is determined by... | the presence or absence of certain chromosomes
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| A child's genetic information | is inherited from both the mother and father
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| genome | a complete set of genetic information for one person
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| homozygous | person has two alleles that are the same
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| heterozygous | if the alleles are different
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| for a recessive allele to be expressed, | both chromosomes must carry identical allels
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| mutation | a permanent change in genetic material
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| autosomal recessive inheritance | children who inherit a single copy of the allele become carriers of the disorder( they cant get it but can pass it on to their children.
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| autosomal dominant inheritance | child receives one copy from mother and one from father, child has 50% chance of developing the disorder
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