The Peripheral Nervous System/Reflex Activity
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| the peripheral nervous system includes ___ | neural structures outside the brain & spinal cord
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| the neural structures outside the brain & spinal cord include: | sensory receptors, ganglia, peripheral nerves & motor endings
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| the PNS allows your brain to: | respond
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| sensory receptors are classified by: | stimulus, location & structure
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| mechanoreceptors | force - such as pressure, touch, vibration
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| thermoreceptors responds to: | temperature changes
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| photoreceptors responds to | light
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| chemoreceptors responds to | chemicals - such as taste & smell
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| noicereceptors | pain receptors - respond to damage from tissue
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| tactile, merkel cells & meissners corpuscles are __ touch | light
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| which type of receptor does not adapt? | pain
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| pacianian corpuscles are a __ touch | deep
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| the 1st two pair cranial nerves attach to the ___ while the other 10 attach to the: | Forebrain - Brain stem
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| olfactory nerve | smell - sensory function
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| the names of the cranial nerves reveal ___ or either ___ | structure - function
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| optic nerve | vision - sensory function
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| oculomotor nerve | eye mover - motor function
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| trochlear nerve | eye movement - motor function
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| trigeminal nerve | general nerve of face - mixed function
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| what is the largest cranial nerve? | trigeminal
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| the trigeminal is separated into 3 divisions. what are they? | opthalamic, maxillary, and mandibular
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| abducens nerve | turns eye laterally, controls eye muscle - motor function
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| facial nerve | facial expression - mixed function
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| the facial nerve includes: | temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical
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| vestibulocochlear nerve | hearing & balance: equilibrium - sensory
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| glossopharyngeal nerve | taste & swallowing - mixed function
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| vagus nerve | heart rate, breathing and digestion - mixed function
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| accessory nerve | controls muscles in head movement - mixed function
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| hypoglossal nerve | innervates tongue muscles -motor function
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| exterocepters | detects external change
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| interoceptors | detects internal change
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| propioceptors | responds to change in shape - inform the brain of movement
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| what is the only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head & neck? | vagus nerve
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| the ___ nerve is considered an accessory part of the vagus | Accessory
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| what nerve comes from the spinal cord? | accessory nerve
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| touch, pressure and pain are examples of a ___ receptor. | exteroceptors
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| chemical change and tissue stretch are examples of what type of receptor? | interoceptors
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| this receptor activity can cause us to feel pain, thirst or hunger. | interoceptor
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| this receptor occurs in skeletal muscle, tendons, joints & ligaments. | propioceptors
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| sensation | awareness of stimulus
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| perception | interpretation of stimulus
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| perception determines: | how we will respond
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| pain receptors are activated by: | temperature, pressure & chemical released by injured tissue
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| we all have the same pain threshold it is our ___ ___ that differs | pain tolerance
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| sensory perception includes: | pattern recognition, magnitude estimation, feature abstraction & spacial discrimination
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| groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called: | ganglia
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| axons are covered by what type of tissue? | endoneurium
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| fasiscles are covered by what type of tissue? | perineum
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| a nerve is surrounded by what type of tissue? | epineurium
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| nerves are classified according to the ___ they transmit impulses | direction
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| mixed nerves | contains sensory & motor fibers - transmit impulses to & from CNS
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| sensory nerves | carry impulses toward CNS
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| motor nerves | carry impulses away from CNS
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| another word for sensory nerves is: | afferent
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| another word for motor nerves is: | efferent
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| mechanically-gated chemicals open in response to: | physical stretching of membrane
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| ligand-gating chemicals open when: | damaged tissue releases histamine or potassium ions
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| ___ cells help nerves regenerate | schwann
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| if you have a greater potential, it has to reach ___ | threshold
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| reflexes can be ___ or ___ | inborn (intrinsic) - learned (acquired)
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| inborn (intrinsic) reflex | rapid, involuntary
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| learned (acquired) reflex | practice/repetition
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| what are the 5 components of a reflex arc? | receptor. sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron & effector
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| receptor | site of the stimulus action
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| sensory neuron | transmit afferent impulses to CNS
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| integration center | relays the info
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| motor neuron | conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
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| effector | responds to motor impulses by contracting or secreting
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| the nervous system needs to know what 2 things to coordinate the activity of skeletal muscles? | length of muscle & muscle tension
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| the length of the muscle comes from muscle spindles which: | causes contraction
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| the amount of tension in muscle comes from tendon organs which causes: | muscle relaxation
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| what reflex helps keep your knees form buckling when standing or walking? | knee-jerk reflex
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| the stretch reflex maintains: | muscle tone & posture
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| the tendon stretch is the stimulation of tendon organs by ___ which causes ___ | excessive tension - muscle relaxation
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| ___ helps prevents muscles & tendons from tearing when force is applied | tendon stretch
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| this reflex is initiated by painful stimuli and causes automatic withdrawal if threatened body part by stimulus. | withdrawal reflex
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| cervical plexus innervates the: | skin, muscles of the ear back, shoulders & head
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| the cervical plexus consists of the ___ nerve | phrenic
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| phrenic nerve innervates the: | diaphragm - C3, 4, 5
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| brachial plexus innervates the: | upper limb
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| lumbar plexus | innervates abdominal wall, thigh
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| the most intrinstic muscle of the body is | ulnar nerve
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| the longest thickest nerve of the body is: | sciatic
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| the cervical plexus is numbered: | C1-C4
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| the lumbar plexus is numbered: | L1-L4
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| Oculomotor nerve number: | III
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| Optic nerve is number: | II
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| Olfactory nerve is number: | I
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| Trochlear nerve is number: | IV(4)
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| Trigeminal nerve is number: | V(5)
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| Abducens nerve is number: | VI(6)
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| Facial nerve is number: | VII(7)
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| Vestibulocochlear nerve is number: | VIII(8)
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| Glossopharygneal nerve is number: | IX(9)
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| Vagus nerve is number: | X(10)
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| Accessory nerve is number: | XI(11)
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| Hypoglossal nerve is number: | XII(12)
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