Respiratory System
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| nasal cavity | moistens and warms inhaled air
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| mucous in nasal cavity | collects inhaled dust, preventing it from entering the lungs
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| pharynx | muscular tube commonly called the throat
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| nasopharynx | lies just behind the soft plate, contains openings for the Eustachian tubes
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| oropharynx | space between the soft plate and the base of the tongue, contains tonsils
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| laryngopharynx | passes dorsal to the larynx and connects to the esophagus
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| larynx | prevents foods and liquids from entering the trachea; acts as a passageway between the pharynx and trachea , also produces sound
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| trachea | large tube supported by c shaped rings of cartilage; often called "windpipe"
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| epiglottis | responsible for directing food and liquids into the esophagus during swallowing
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| vestibular folds | prevents food from entering the airway
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| bronchi | large tubes (one for each lung)that serve as a passage way for air
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| lungs | right side has three lobes, left side has two (room for the heart)
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| right bronchus | slightly wider and more vertical than left,making most likely location for inhaled food particles to lodge
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| carina | cartilaginous ridge at the end of the trachea
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| bronchioles | small airways that lack supportive cartilage
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| with thin the alveoli .... | gas exchanges occur
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| alveoli | wrapped in fine mesh of capillaries
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| pleural cavity | space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
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| diaphragm | main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation
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| inspiration | external intercostal muscle pull the ribs up and out, internal costals help elevate ribs, diaphragm contracts, pressing abdominal organs down and enlarging thoracic cavity, air rushes in
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| expiration | internal intercostals muscle relax, diaphragm relaxes, bulging up and pressing against base of lungs, reduce size of thoracic cavity, air pushes out
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| during times of forced or labored breathing... | accessory muscles of respiration assist with breathing
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| deep inspiration | muscles in neck and chest contract to help elevate chest
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| inspiratory center | primary respiratory center, contained in medulla
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| pneumotaxic center | prevents lung over inflation
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| expiratory center | contained in medulla
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| oxygen levels | peripheral chemoreceptors detect low blood levels of oxygen and signal medulla to increase rate and depth of respiration to bring in more oxygen
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| atmospheric pressure..... | drives respiration
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| factors that affect airflow | pulmonary compliance and alveolar surface tension
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| alveolar surface tension | inner surface of each alveoli is covered that a thin film of water, which is necessary for gas exchange
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| pneumothorax | if thoracic was is punctured air from the atmosphere will rush into pleural cavity, transform what is normally potential space to space filled with air
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| tidal volume | amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
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| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air inhaled using maximum effort after a normal inspiration
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| apnea | temporary cessation of breathing
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| dyspnea | labored or difficult breathing
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| hyperventilation | increased rate and depth of respiration,resulting in lowered blood levels of carbon dioxide; often results from aniety
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| orthopnea | labored breathing that occurs when a persons is lying flat but improves when standing or sitting up; claasic symptom of ventricular failure
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| the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide vary between... | air we breath, alveoli, arterial blood, and venous blood, these variations in pressure allow body to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
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| carbon dioxide | is the primary regulator of respiration
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| oxygen transports.... | in form of oxyhemoglobin
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| transport of carbon dioxide..... | carried as bicarbonate ions
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