Blood, Heart & Vascular
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| What are the blood components? | Plasma & formed elements
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| What is Plasma? | Clear extra cellular matrix; accounts for 55% of blood
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| What are the formed elements made up of? | RBC account for most of the formed elements
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| What is hematocrit? | The % of red cells in a sample of blood; reveals how much oxygen the blood can carry
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| What is viscosity? | Term used to describe the thickness or stickiness of blood
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| What is hemopoiesis? | Production of blood
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| What are the two types of hemopoietic tissue? | Red bone marrow & Lymphatic tissue
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| What is Red Bone Marrow & where is it found? | Produces all types of blood cells (in adults, found in the ends of long bones & in flat irregular bones such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, & pelvis
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| What does Lypmhatic tissue produce? | Lymphocytes
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| What are RBC called and what is their functions? | Erythrocytes; deliver O2 & remove CO2
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| How much of the interior of a RBC is filled with hemoglobin? | 1/3
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| What is hemoglobin? | Red pigment that gives blood its color
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| What is the (mineral) oxygen-carrying component of hemoglobin? | Iron; an adequate supply of dietary iron is crucial for hemoglobin synthesis
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| What is the lifecycle of RBC? | O2 levels ⬇️, Kidneys secrete erythropoietin (EPO), bone marrow creates erythrocytes, reticulocytes are released, O2 levels go up; EPO & RBC production goes down
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| What are reticulocytes? | Immature RBC's
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| What is the lifespan of an RBC | 120 days
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| In what type of situation would a number of reticulocytes rise? | Blood loss or moving to a higher altitude
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| What does hemoglobin breakdown to in the RBC? | Globin & heme
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| What does the globin breakdown to in the RBC? | Amino acids
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| What does the heme breakdown to in the RBC? | Iron & bilirubin (Iron is transported to the bone marrow, where it's used to create new hemoglobin
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| What is it called when the the RBC's are destroyed? | Hemolysis
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| What happens when hemolysis is excessive? | The body can't readily assimilate the increased amounts of bilirubin being produced....causing the skin & sclera to take on a yellowish hue (jaundice)
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| What is another term for White Blood Cells (WBC)? | Leukocytes
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| Leukocytes are the _________ of the formed elements? | Fewest
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| What Granulocyte is involved in allergic reactions? (Shows up elevated in blood test) | Eosinophils
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| What is the lifespan of the Agranulocytes? | Years; has the longest lifespan
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| What is responsible for long-term immunity? | Lymphocytes
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| What are some disorders of WBC? | Leukemia - extremely high WBC
Leukopenia - low WBC
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| What is another name for platelets? | Thrombocytes
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| Give an example of vascular spasm | When a blood vessel is cut, the body must react quickly to stop the flow of blood. As soon as the blood vessel is injured, smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the vessel spasm, which slows flow of blood.
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| Give an example of formation of platelet plug | Breakdown of blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creating a rough spot on the vessel's normally slick interior. The rough spot transforms into sticky platelets, which stick to the vessel wall & each other, forming a platelet plug. This is a temp seal
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| In the formation of a blood clot, what vitamin does the synthesis of clotting factors require? | K
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| What is the process of clot dissolution called? | Fibrinolysis
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| What type of antigen on the RBC determines blood type A? | A antigen
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| What type of antigen on the RBC determines blood type B? | B antigen
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| What type of antigen on the RBC determines blood type AB? | Both A & B antigens
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| What type of antigen on the RBC determines blood type O? | Neither, type O has no antigens
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| What carries the antibodies? | Blood plasma
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| What antibodies does type A blood have? | Anti - B antibodies
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| What antibodies does type B blood have? | Anti- A antibodies
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| What antibodies does type AB blood have? | Neither, AB has no antibodies
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| What antibodies does type O have? | Both, anti-A & anti-B antibodies
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| In a transfusion reaction, what is it called when the antibody-antigen reaction would cause the RBC's to clump together? | Agglutinate
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| What does the RH+ blood contain? | RH antigen
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| What does the RH- blood lack? | The specific RH antigen
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| What RH factor do the majority of Americans have? | RH+ blood
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| What happens if RH- person is exposed to RH+ blood? | First exposure: develops antibodies
Second exposure: agglutination
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| What is the approximate size of the heart? | Size of a fist
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| What part of the heart is the Base? | Broadest part
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| What does the hearts Apex refer to? | Point of maximum impulse
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| What is the double-walled sac that surrounds the heart called? | Pericardium
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| What is the pericardial cavity? | Space that contains serous fluid to prevent fiction as the beats
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| What is the epicardium? | Thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that covers the surface of the heart
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| What is the myocardium? | Cardiac muscle that performs the work of the heart
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| What is the endocardium? | Thin layer of squamous epilthelial cells that lines the chambers of the heart, covers the valves, & continues into the vessels (inner layer of the heart & is smooth)
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| Why is the endocardium so important? | Because it is smooth, it helps prevent blood clot formation
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| What do the superior & inferior vena cavae supply blood to? | Right atrium
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| Why does the Left ventricle have the thickest (strongest) walls? | It must generate enough to force to push blood throughout the body
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| What are each of the heart's four valves formed by? | Two or three flaps of tissue called cusps or leaflets
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| Why do the valves open & close in the heart? | In response to pressure changes within the heart
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| What are the (2) atrioventricular (AV) valves called? | Tricuspid & Mitral
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| What do the AV valves do? | Regulate flow between atria & ventricles
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| What are the semilunar valves (pulmonary & aortic) so important? | They prevent the back flow into the ventricles from the pulmonary artery and the aorta
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| Where is the pulmonary valve located? | Between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery
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| Where is the aortic valve located? | Between the left ventricle and aorta
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| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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| Where is the Mitral valve located? | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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| What happens when a valve is incompetent? | It creates back flow into the chamber where it come from
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| When the blood flow comes into the heart from the body, is it oxygenated or de-oxygenated? | De-oxygenated
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| When the blood flow leaves the heart to go back to the body, is it oxygenated or de-oxygenated? | Oxygenated
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| What does the right coronary artery do? | Supplies blood to the right atrium, most of the right ventricle, and parts of the left atrium and ventricle
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| When do the coronary arteries receive their blood supply? | When they are relaxed
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| What is a myocardial infarction (MI)? | Blood flow is completely blocked by a blood clot or fatty deposit, resulting in the death of myocardial cells in the armed fed by the artery. Once the cells die, they produce an area of necrosis
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| What is the order of cardiac conduction? | 1. Sinotrial (SA) node 2. Fibers conducts impulse to left atrium, both atria begin to contract 3. Atrioventricular (AV) node 4. Bundle of HIS 5. R & L Bundle Branches 6. Purkinje Fibers
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| What is Automaticity? | The heart's ability to initiate its own electrical impulse
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| What is SA node and what is the firing rate? | Heart's pacemaker; 60-80 BPM (if a SA node fails, another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat) This is "normal flow"
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| What is AV node and what is the firing rate? | Impulse from SA node slows here to give atria time to contract completely & the ventricle to fill with blood; 40-60 BPM
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| What is the Cardiac Cycle? | The series of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
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| What is the formula for Cardiac Output? | Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume (CO=HRxSV)
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| Where in the brain does the Cardiac Center reside? | Medulla
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| Typically, what blood volume percentage is the ejection fraction? | 60%-80%
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| What are the types of blood vessels? | Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries
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| What do the arteries do? | Carries blood away from the heart
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| What do the veins do? | Return blood to the heart
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| What do the capillaries do? | Connect the smallest arteries (arterioles) to the smallest veins (venules)
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| What are the blood vessel layers? | Tunica intima, Tunica media, & Tunica externa
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| Define Tunica intima | Innermost layer; smooth surface helps prevent blood clots; produces chemicals that cause the blood vessels to dilate or constrict; lines all of the blood vessels
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| Define Tunica media | Middle layer; composed of smooth muscle & elastic tissue, it allows the blood vessel to change diameter
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| Define Tunica externa | Outer layer; made of strong, flexible, fibrous tissue; supports and protest the blood vessel
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| What do the conducting arteries (elastic arteries) do? | Closest to the heart; greatest ability to expand & recoil; they can manage a surge of blood with systole & help propel blood with diastole
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| What do the distributing arteries (muscular arteries) do? | Deliver blood to specific organs
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| What do the arterioles (resistance vessels) do? | Smallest arteries; dilate or constrict to maintain BP
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| What is the correct order in the venous system? | Venules (smallest veins), medium sized veins, large veins
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| Define capillaries | Are the exchange vessels (where nutrients, wastes, and hormones are transferred between the blood & tissues); Have extremely thin walls (only have an endothelium & basement membrane)
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| What are the networks of capillaries organized into called? | Capillary beds
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| Give an example of a capillary organization | During exercise, when skeletal muscles require more O2, precapillary sphincters open, blood fills the capillary network, and the exchange of O2, nutrients, and waste occurs with the tissue fluid
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| How does filtration occur? | The high pressure in the capillary pushes plasma & dissolved nutrients (such as glucose & amino acids) through the capillary wall & into the surrounding fluid
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| Where does filtration occur? | Close to the arterial side of the capillary bed
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| What is the function of Pulmonary circulation? | To bring deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for gas exchange
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| How does the blood flow in pulmonary circulation go? | Right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to lobar arteries to capillary bed to lobar veins to pulmonary vein to left atrium
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| Ascending aorta (be able to label) | Right & left coronary arteries branch off to supply the myocardium
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| Abdominal aorta (be able to label) | Branches into the right & left common iliac arteries, which supply blood to the lower pelvis and legs
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| Aortic Arch (be able to label) | Branches into three major arteries
Brachiocephalic artery, Common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery
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| What are the principle arteries & what do they supply? | Superior & inferior mesenteric arteries (supply blood to the small & large intestines
Abdominal aorta & its branches supply blood to the abdomen, lower extremities & liver
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| What arteries provide most of the brains blood supply? | Common carotid arteries
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| Where does the Superior vena cava receive blood from? | Above the heart (head, shoulders, arms)
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| Where does the Inferior vena cava receive blood from? | Below the level of the heart
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| What does pressure gradient require? | Certain balance (if the pressure gradient between the arterial & venous ends of the capillary network is too low, filtration won't occur. If it's too high, the thin-walled capillaries will rupture
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| Where is pressure the highest? | In the aorta
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| Where is pressure the lowest? | In the vena cava
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| What is BP determined by? | Cardiac output, blood volume & resistance
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| What does Peripheral resistance result in? | Resistance to flow results from friction of blood against walls of vessels
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| What does the amount of friction depend on? | Blood viscosity & vessel diameter (adjusting diameter of the vessels is the body's chief way of controlling peripheral resistance)
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| Define blood velocity | The diameter of a vessel affect how fast blood flows (the greater the diameter of the vessel, the faster the blood flows.
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| Why does blood flow the slowest in capillaries? | Due to the large cross-sectional area & narrow diameter
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| How does neural regulation of BP work? | Medulla sends impulses via autonomic nervous system to alter blood vessel diameter
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| Define Neutrophils | Most abundant of WBC
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| Define Basophils | Secrete heparin, which prevents clotting
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| Define Monocytes | Phagocytic cell that lives is tissues
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| Define Megakaryocyte | Produces fragments that form platelets
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| The extrinsic pathway is triggered when | The damages blood vessels and surrounding tissues release clotting factors
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| What collects blood from capillaries? | Venules
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| What connects the two sides of the vascular system? | Capillaries
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| Distributing arteries are also called | Muscular arteries
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| Another name for arterioles based on their ability to affect BP | Resistance vessels
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| What provides most of the brains blood supply? | Right and left common cortoid arteries
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| Stimulation of the vagus nerve will have what affect on the heart | Decreased heart rate
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| The hearts skeleton | Electrically insulates the ventricles from the atria
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| Skeleton of the heart is | Fibrous connective tissue that encircles the valve
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| Be able to label the cortoid artery | Left side of neck that leads to head
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| Be able to label left subclavian artery | Left side under cortoid artery
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| What are the steps in hemostasis? | Vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, formation of a blood clot
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