Module 7 A&P
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| Central Nervous System consist of | Brain and Spinal Cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System consist of | Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord
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| Roles of the nervous system | Sensing, Integrating, Responding
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| Sensing | Detect changes both inside and outside the body
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| Integrating | Process the information received, relate it to past experience, and determine what response is appropriate
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| Responding | Issues commands to muscles and glands to initiate changes based on its information
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| Somatic Sensory | Carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles
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| Neuroglia | Supportive cells of the nervous system
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| Astrocytes | Form blood-brain barrier
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| Blood- brain barrier | protects the brain from foreign substances, formed as astrocytes wrap around capillaries
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| Sensory (afferent) Neurons | Detect stimuli and transmit info to CNS
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| Motor (efferent) Neurons | Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells
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| Multipolar Neurons | One axon and multiple dendrites, most common type of neuron of the brain and spinal cord
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| Cell body (soma) | the control center and contains the nucleus
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| Dendrites | Receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body
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| Axon | Carries nerve signals away from the body
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| Myelin sheath | Insulates the axon
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| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at the evenly spaced intervals
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| Synaptic Knob | End of the axon branches, inside are vesicles containing neurotransmitters
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| Neurilemma | Outer layer of sheath only in PNS, essential for an injured nerve to regenerate
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| Myelin blocks the... | Free movement of ions across the cell membrane.
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| Electrical changes occur.. | At the Node of Ranvier
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| Cervical | Innervates the chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm
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| White Matter | appears white because of its abundance of myelin fibers
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| Gray Matter | Appears gray because of its lack of myelin, it contains mostly neuron cell bodies
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| Central Canal | Carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord
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| Epidural Space | Lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae
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| Dorsal Nerve Root | Carry sensory information into the spinal cord
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| Spinal Nerve | A single nerve that contains both motor and sensory fibers
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| Ventral Nerve Root | Carry motor information out of the spinal cord
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| Pia mater | Innermost layer
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| Subarachnoid Space | Lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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| Dura Mater | Tough outer layer
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| Tracts | serve as the routs of communication to and from the brain
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| Ascending Tracts (Sensory) | takes information to the brain
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| Descending Tracts (Motor) | takes information to muscles
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| Spinal Cord Tracts... | Cross from one side of the body to the other in the brainstem, this is why someone suffers from a stroke
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| Pairs of Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs
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| Cervical Plexus | Contains phrenic nerve, which stimulates the diaphragm for breathing
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| Sacral Plexus | Contains the sciatic Nerve runs down the back of the thigh, irritation of this nerve cause severe pain down the back of this leg
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid is reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream by.... | Projections of the arachnoid mater into the Dural sinuses, called arachnoid villi
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| Medulla Oblongata | Contains cardiac center, vasomotor center, and two respiratory centers
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| Cerebellum | Monitors body movement and send messages for balance, coordination and posture
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| Cerebellum | Stores the information necessary for muscle groups to work together to preform smooth, efficient, and coordinated movements.
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| Cerebellum | Evaluates sensory input, such as, touch, spatial perception, and sound
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| Thalamus | Resides on top of the brainstem, acts as a gateway for nearly every sensory impulse
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| Hypothalamus | Controls the autonomic nervous system; contains centers for hunger, thirst and temperature regulation
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| Frontal Lobe | Governs voluntary movements, memory, emotions, social judgment, decision making, reasoning, and aggression
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| Limbic System | The "Emotional Brain"
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| Hippocampus | Converts short term memory into long term memory
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| Autonomic nervous system | Innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle; Consist of two nerve fibers that synapse at a ganglion before reaching target, secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters, May excite or inhibit target cells , Involuntary
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | Prepares the body for activity, increases alertness, heart rate, sweat, inhibits intestinal motility ( Fight or Flight)
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Calms body functions, has calming effect, decrease heart rate, constricts bronchial tubes, stimulates intestinal motility
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| sympathetic division | Neurons Arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
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| Sympathetic ganglia | exist in chains along both sides of the spinal cord
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| Parasympathetic division | Neurons arise from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord
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| Parasympathetic ganglia | Reside in or near target organs
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| Myelination of nerves begins during the.... | 14th week and isn't completed until late adolescence
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| Type of stimulus | Cold receptors respond only to cold, light receptors only respond to light
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| Location of stimulus | Responds to stimuli in a certain area, sensitive areas contain many receptors
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| Intensity of stimulus | The stronger the stimulus, the more nerve fibers fire
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| Adaptation | When stimulus is continuous, the firing frequency of the nerve slows, causing the sensation to diminish
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| Chemoreceptors | React to chemicals, including odor and taste
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| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to factors such as pressure, stretch, and vibration that change the position of receptor
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| Thermoreceptors | Activated by a change in temperature
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| Nociceptors | Respond to tissue damage from trauma as well as heat, chemicals, pressure, or a lack of oxygen
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| Photoreceptors | Respond to light, only found in eyes
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| Proprioceptors | Provide information about body movement, muscle stretch, and the general orientation of the body
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| In Pain, nociceptors | consist of free nerve endings that carry impulses to the brain
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| Fast | Abundant in the skin and mucous membrane; produce a sharp, localized, stabbing type pain at the time of injury
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| Slow | Congregated on deep body organs and structures; produced a dull, aching pain
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| Impulses bypass the thalamus and travels to the hypothalamus and limbic system.... | these area trigger emotional and behavioral responses to pain
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| Referred pain | pain originating in a deep organ may be sensed as if it is originating from another area on the body surface
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| Papillae | taste results when chemicals come in contact with taste buds, most of which are located in protrusions
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| taste cranial nerves | facial nerve, glosspharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve
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| Smell | Incoming odor molecules bind to cilia projecting from the ends of olfactory receptor cells
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| Tympanic membrane | Separates the outer from the middle ear, vibrates freely in response to sound waves;transmits sound waves from outer to middle ear
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| Cochlea | Contains the structures for hearing
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| The ripples in the peri lymph travel to the organ of corti, hairs of the organ of corti are stimulated and send impulses along the cochlear to brain..... | Where sound is perceived
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| Vestibule and semicircular canals.... | Play a key role in balance
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| Conjunctiva | Consist of transparent muscous membrane that lines inner eyelid and covers anterior surface of eyeball, secretes a thin mucous film to keep eye moist
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| Cranial nerves associated with eye movement | Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
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| Sclera | Outermost layer
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| Cornea | Transparent extension of the sclera in the anterior part of the eye; sits over the iris and admits light
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| Iris | Ring of colored muscle that adjust the diameter of the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye
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| Ciliary body | Forms a collar around the lens, secretes fluid called aqueous humor
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| Chorid | Highly vascular layer of tissue that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina and sclera
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| Retina | Thin layer of light sensitive cells
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| Optic nerve | Transmits signals to the brain
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| Fovea centralis | Where most cones are concentrated, making this the area that produces the sharpest vision
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| Anterior cavity | Lies between the lens and cornea
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| Posterior cavity | Lies posterior to the lens; large cavity filled with vitreous humor
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| Lens | Transparent disk just behind the pupil
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| Vitreous Humor | A jelly like substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye
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| Ciliary Body | Secrets aqueous humor
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| Canal of schlemn | Drains aqueous humor from the anterior cavity; if becomes obstructed, pressure in the anterior cavity would rise
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| Refraction | Light rays entering the eye must be bent so they focus precisely on the retina, bending of light rays
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| Accommodation | The curvature of the lens changes to allow the eye to focus on a near object
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