Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Module 7 A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System consist of | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System consist of | Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord |
| Roles of the nervous system | Sensing, Integrating, Responding |
| Sensing | Detect changes both inside and outside the body |
| Integrating | Process the information received, relate it to past experience, and determine what response is appropriate |
| Responding | Issues commands to muscles and glands to initiate changes based on its information |
| Somatic Sensory | Carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles |
| Neuroglia | Supportive cells of the nervous system |
| Astrocytes | Form blood-brain barrier |
| Blood- brain barrier | protects the brain from foreign substances, formed as astrocytes wrap around capillaries |
| Sensory (afferent) Neurons | Detect stimuli and transmit info to CNS |
| Motor (efferent) Neurons | Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells |
| Multipolar Neurons | One axon and multiple dendrites, most common type of neuron of the brain and spinal cord |
| Cell body (soma) | the control center and contains the nucleus |
| Dendrites | Receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body |
| Axon | Carries nerve signals away from the body |
| Myelin sheath | Insulates the axon |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at the evenly spaced intervals |
| Synaptic Knob | End of the axon branches, inside are vesicles containing neurotransmitters |
| Neurilemma | Outer layer of sheath only in PNS, essential for an injured nerve to regenerate |
| Myelin blocks the... | Free movement of ions across the cell membrane. |
| Electrical changes occur.. | At the Node of Ranvier |
| Cervical | Innervates the chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm |
| White Matter | appears white because of its abundance of myelin fibers |
| Gray Matter | Appears gray because of its lack of myelin, it contains mostly neuron cell bodies |
| Central Canal | Carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord |
| Epidural Space | Lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae |
| Dorsal Nerve Root | Carry sensory information into the spinal cord |
| Spinal Nerve | A single nerve that contains both motor and sensory fibers |
| Ventral Nerve Root | Carry motor information out of the spinal cord |
| Pia mater | Innermost layer |
| Subarachnoid Space | Lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| Dura Mater | Tough outer layer |
| Tracts | serve as the routs of communication to and from the brain |
| Ascending Tracts (Sensory) | takes information to the brain |
| Descending Tracts (Motor) | takes information to muscles |
| Spinal Cord Tracts... | Cross from one side of the body to the other in the brainstem, this is why someone suffers from a stroke |
| Pairs of Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs |
| Cervical Plexus | Contains phrenic nerve, which stimulates the diaphragm for breathing |
| Sacral Plexus | Contains the sciatic Nerve runs down the back of the thigh, irritation of this nerve cause severe pain down the back of this leg |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid is reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream by.... | Projections of the arachnoid mater into the Dural sinuses, called arachnoid villi |
| Medulla Oblongata | Contains cardiac center, vasomotor center, and two respiratory centers |
| Cerebellum | Monitors body movement and send messages for balance, coordination and posture |
| Cerebellum | Stores the information necessary for muscle groups to work together to preform smooth, efficient, and coordinated movements. |
| Cerebellum | Evaluates sensory input, such as, touch, spatial perception, and sound |
| Thalamus | Resides on top of the brainstem, acts as a gateway for nearly every sensory impulse |
| Hypothalamus | Controls the autonomic nervous system; contains centers for hunger, thirst and temperature regulation |
| Frontal Lobe | Governs voluntary movements, memory, emotions, social judgment, decision making, reasoning, and aggression |
| Limbic System | The "Emotional Brain" |
| Hippocampus | Converts short term memory into long term memory |
| Autonomic nervous system | Innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle; Consist of two nerve fibers that synapse at a ganglion before reaching target, secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters, May excite or inhibit target cells , Involuntary |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Prepares the body for activity, increases alertness, heart rate, sweat, inhibits intestinal motility ( Fight or Flight) |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Calms body functions, has calming effect, decrease heart rate, constricts bronchial tubes, stimulates intestinal motility |
| sympathetic division | Neurons Arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord |
| Sympathetic ganglia | exist in chains along both sides of the spinal cord |
| Parasympathetic division | Neurons arise from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord |
| Parasympathetic ganglia | Reside in or near target organs |
| Myelination of nerves begins during the.... | 14th week and isn't completed until late adolescence |
| Type of stimulus | Cold receptors respond only to cold, light receptors only respond to light |
| Location of stimulus | Responds to stimuli in a certain area, sensitive areas contain many receptors |
| Intensity of stimulus | The stronger the stimulus, the more nerve fibers fire |
| Adaptation | When stimulus is continuous, the firing frequency of the nerve slows, causing the sensation to diminish |
| Chemoreceptors | React to chemicals, including odor and taste |
| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to factors such as pressure, stretch, and vibration that change the position of receptor |
| Thermoreceptors | Activated by a change in temperature |
| Nociceptors | Respond to tissue damage from trauma as well as heat, chemicals, pressure, or a lack of oxygen |
| Photoreceptors | Respond to light, only found in eyes |
| Proprioceptors | Provide information about body movement, muscle stretch, and the general orientation of the body |
| In Pain, nociceptors | consist of free nerve endings that carry impulses to the brain |
| Fast | Abundant in the skin and mucous membrane; produce a sharp, localized, stabbing type pain at the time of injury |
| Slow | Congregated on deep body organs and structures; produced a dull, aching pain |
| Impulses bypass the thalamus and travels to the hypothalamus and limbic system.... | these area trigger emotional and behavioral responses to pain |
| Referred pain | pain originating in a deep organ may be sensed as if it is originating from another area on the body surface |
| Papillae | taste results when chemicals come in contact with taste buds, most of which are located in protrusions |
| taste cranial nerves | facial nerve, glosspharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve |
| Smell | Incoming odor molecules bind to cilia projecting from the ends of olfactory receptor cells |
| Tympanic membrane | Separates the outer from the middle ear, vibrates freely in response to sound waves;transmits sound waves from outer to middle ear |
| Cochlea | Contains the structures for hearing |
| The ripples in the peri lymph travel to the organ of corti, hairs of the organ of corti are stimulated and send impulses along the cochlear to brain..... | Where sound is perceived |
| Vestibule and semicircular canals.... | Play a key role in balance |
| Conjunctiva | Consist of transparent muscous membrane that lines inner eyelid and covers anterior surface of eyeball, secretes a thin mucous film to keep eye moist |
| Cranial nerves associated with eye movement | Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens |
| Sclera | Outermost layer |
| Cornea | Transparent extension of the sclera in the anterior part of the eye; sits over the iris and admits light |
| Iris | Ring of colored muscle that adjust the diameter of the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye |
| Ciliary body | Forms a collar around the lens, secretes fluid called aqueous humor |
| Chorid | Highly vascular layer of tissue that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina and sclera |
| Retina | Thin layer of light sensitive cells |
| Optic nerve | Transmits signals to the brain |
| Fovea centralis | Where most cones are concentrated, making this the area that produces the sharpest vision |
| Anterior cavity | Lies between the lens and cornea |
| Posterior cavity | Lies posterior to the lens; large cavity filled with vitreous humor |
| Lens | Transparent disk just behind the pupil |
| Vitreous Humor | A jelly like substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye |
| Ciliary Body | Secrets aqueous humor |
| Canal of schlemn | Drains aqueous humor from the anterior cavity; if becomes obstructed, pressure in the anterior cavity would rise |
| Refraction | Light rays entering the eye must be bent so they focus precisely on the retina, bending of light rays |
| Accommodation | The curvature of the lens changes to allow the eye to focus on a near object |
Created by:
Kylee_cheyenne
Popular Anatomy sets