Muscle, Bone, Joints
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| List the multiple roles of bone in the body | Shape, Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte Balance, Blood Protection, Acid Base Balance
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| What are flat bones & their functions? | Flat bones are thin, flat, often curved bones; they protect organs and some provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles
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| Compare medulla cavity in children vs. adults | In children the medullary cavity is filled with (white blood cells) WBC producing red bone marrow
In adults most of the marrow has turned yellow, which is rich in fat
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| What kind of tissue is bone made of? | Connective tissue
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| What is matrix made of? | Collagen fibers & crystalline salts (primarily calcium & phospate). Matrix bone is hard & calcified, making it unique from other connective tissue
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| Describe the compressional strength? | Calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces
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| What is the action of the red mone marrow? | Produces red blood cells (RBC)
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| What is the action of the yellow bone marrow? | Saturated with fat & no longer produce blood cells; replaces red bone marrow over time
(In some severe cases, chronic blood loss, yellow marrow can change back into red bone marrow)
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| What is the skeleton in a developing fetus made of? | Cartilage & fibrous connective tissue
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| What is Intramembranous Ossification (Fontanels)? | "Soft spots" that allow for safe compression of fetus' head while passing thru birth canal; allows skull to expand as brain grows; completely ossified by age 2
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| What is endochondral ossification? | When cartilage begins to turn into bone after 3 months gestation
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| What are the nutrients necessary for proper bone growth? | Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, C, & D
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| How long does it take uncomplicated fractures heal? | 8-12 weeks
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| How many bones does most adults have? | 206
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| What bones does the Axial skeleton consist of? | Skull, spine, vertebral column, thoracic (rib)
(80 bones)
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| Describe the sinuses and how does sinuses produce sound production? | Sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, ethmoid sins, maxillary sinus
Four pairs of sinuses filled with air open into the internal nose, they lighten the skull & act as resonators for sound production
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| What are the five sections of the vertebral column? | Cervical (C7), Thoracic (T12), Lumbar (L5), Sacral, Coccyx
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| Describe characteristics of Vertebral foramen | Allows passage for the spinal cord
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| Describe characteristics of Vertebrae Body | Is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra
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| Describe spinous process | Projects posteriorly from the vertebra; (the spinous process is what you feel when you run your fingers down your spine)
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| Describe transverse processes | Extend from each sidt
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| What is the intervertebral disc designed to support? | Weight
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| What are the "true ribs"? | Ribs 1-7 attached to the sternum
(Costal cartilage )
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| How many bones are in the wrist? | 8 (carpals)
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| What is true pelvis & how do females differ from males? | True pelvis is wide and shallow in females and deep in males. Females have a larger pelvic outlet and wider pubic arch than males
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| Which bone is the longest & strongest bone in the body? | Femur; it articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form a ball & socket joint (hip)
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| Describe the patella | Also known as the knee cap; a triangularsesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee
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| Describe the fibula | Slender bone of the lower leg; helps stabilize the ankle; does not bear any weight; the distal end form the lateral malleolus of the ankle
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| What are the synovial joints? | Pivot joint, hinge joint, gliding joint, ball & socket joint, saddle joint, condyloid joint
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| What are the movements of the pivot joint? | Allows bones to rotate
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| What are the movements of the hinge joint? | Allows only back & forth movement. (Elbow & knee)
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| What are the movements of the gliding joint? | Least mobile of all joints (tarsal bones of the ankle)
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| What are the movements of the saddle joint? | Move back & forth & side to side (limited)
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| What are the movements of the condyloid joint? | Allows flexion, extension, & side to side
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| Describe the three types of muscles? | Cardiac - involuntary, striated, only in the heart
Smooth - involuntary, nonstriated, fount in digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, airways & uterus
Skeletal - voluntary, appears markedly by striated, attached to bone and causes movement in the body
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| Compare direct & indirect attachment | Direct attachment, muscle fibers merge with the periosteum of the bone
Indirect attachment, the epemysium extends past the muscle as a tendon, the tendon then merges with the periosteum
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| How does a motor neuron work? | It receives a message from the skeletal muscle nerve
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| What affects the force of concentration? | There are a number of things that affect force contraction including size of the muscle, Deere of stretch, & number of muscle fibers contracting
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| What is incomplete tetanus? | It's the condition of rapid contraction with only partial relaxation
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| How does the body meet the needs of oxygen during exercise? | The heart and lungs work harder
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| What muscles are involved in breathing? | External intercostals
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| What is synovial fluid? | A slippery, viscous fluid with the consistency of an egg white; lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris
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| What is synovial membran? | A thin layer of hyline cartilage that covers the bone surfaces; in combination with synovial fluid, it permits friction -free movements
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| What attaches muscle to bone? | Tendons
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| What attaches bones to bone? | Cartilage
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| What is supination? | Is movement that turns the palm up
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| What is pronation? | Is movement that turns the palm down
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| What is a ball & socket joint? | It has the greates range of motion of any joint. (Shoulder & hip) The shoulder is most likely joint to dislocate; it usually does so inferiorly, as a result of a downward driving force (such as blow from above)
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| What are mycrofibrils? | The thin & thick myofilaments that stack. They a re arranged in a type of lattice work to form sarcomeres
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| What does a skelatal muscle contraction require? | Stimulation by a motor neuron
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| In "Bi", what does the number of origins mean? | Bi meant two origins - biceps bachii (it attaches at two points)
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| What is the extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position | Hyperflexion
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| What involves bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint? | Flexion
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| What involves straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones? | Extension
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| What involves moving the foot upward? | Dorsiflexion
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| What involves moving the toes downward (toward the plantar surface) | Plantar flexion
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| What is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body? | Abduction
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| What is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body? | Adduction
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| What is it called when the distal end of an appendage, such as the arm or leg, moves in a circle? | Circumduction
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| What provides an attachment point from some abdominal muscles and is an important landmark for CPR? | Xiphoid process
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| What is the Acromion process? | Extension of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
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| What is the long bone of the upper arm called? | Humerus
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| What are the parts of the long bone? (Be prepared to label) | Diaphysis (shaft), Medullary cavity, Endosteum, Bone Marrow, Perisoteum
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| Where does bone lengthening occur for a fixed period? | Epiphyseal plate "growth plate"
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| What type of fracture causes the bone to splinter rather than break completely? (Typically occurs in children) | Greenstick fracture
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| What type of fracture is when the bone is broken into several places & most likely to occur in car accidents? | Comminuted fracture
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| What is the epimysium? (Be prepared to label) | Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole and binds all the muscle fibers together
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| What does anaerobic respiration mean? | Without oxygen
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