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A&P Chapter 6, 7, 8
Muscle, Bone, Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the multiple roles of bone in the body | Shape, Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte Balance, Blood Protection, Acid Base Balance |
| What are flat bones & their functions? | Flat bones are thin, flat, often curved bones; they protect organs and some provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles |
| Compare medulla cavity in children vs. adults | In children the medullary cavity is filled with (white blood cells) WBC producing red bone marrow In adults most of the marrow has turned yellow, which is rich in fat |
| What kind of tissue is bone made of? | Connective tissue |
| What is matrix made of? | Collagen fibers & crystalline salts (primarily calcium & phospate). Matrix bone is hard & calcified, making it unique from other connective tissue |
| Describe the compressional strength? | Calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces |
| What is the action of the red mone marrow? | Produces red blood cells (RBC) |
| What is the action of the yellow bone marrow? | Saturated with fat & no longer produce blood cells; replaces red bone marrow over time (In some severe cases, chronic blood loss, yellow marrow can change back into red bone marrow) |
| What is the skeleton in a developing fetus made of? | Cartilage & fibrous connective tissue |
| What is Intramembranous Ossification (Fontanels)? | "Soft spots" that allow for safe compression of fetus' head while passing thru birth canal; allows skull to expand as brain grows; completely ossified by age 2 |
| What is endochondral ossification? | When cartilage begins to turn into bone after 3 months gestation |
| What are the nutrients necessary for proper bone growth? | Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, C, & D |
| How long does it take uncomplicated fractures heal? | 8-12 weeks |
| How many bones does most adults have? | 206 |
| What bones does the Axial skeleton consist of? | Skull, spine, vertebral column, thoracic (rib) (80 bones) |
| Describe the sinuses and how does sinuses produce sound production? | Sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, ethmoid sins, maxillary sinus Four pairs of sinuses filled with air open into the internal nose, they lighten the skull & act as resonators for sound production |
| What are the five sections of the vertebral column? | Cervical (C7), Thoracic (T12), Lumbar (L5), Sacral, Coccyx |
| Describe characteristics of Vertebral foramen | Allows passage for the spinal cord |
| Describe characteristics of Vertebrae Body | Is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra |
| Describe spinous process | Projects posteriorly from the vertebra; (the spinous process is what you feel when you run your fingers down your spine) |
| Describe transverse processes | Extend from each sidt |
| What is the intervertebral disc designed to support? | Weight |
| What are the "true ribs"? | Ribs 1-7 attached to the sternum (Costal cartilage ) |
| How many bones are in the wrist? | 8 (carpals) |
| What is true pelvis & how do females differ from males? | True pelvis is wide and shallow in females and deep in males. Females have a larger pelvic outlet and wider pubic arch than males |
| Which bone is the longest & strongest bone in the body? | Femur; it articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form a ball & socket joint (hip) |
| Describe the patella | Also known as the knee cap; a triangularsesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee |
| Describe the fibula | Slender bone of the lower leg; helps stabilize the ankle; does not bear any weight; the distal end form the lateral malleolus of the ankle |
| What are the synovial joints? | Pivot joint, hinge joint, gliding joint, ball & socket joint, saddle joint, condyloid joint |
| What are the movements of the pivot joint? | Allows bones to rotate |
| What are the movements of the hinge joint? | Allows only back & forth movement. (Elbow & knee) |
| What are the movements of the gliding joint? | Least mobile of all joints (tarsal bones of the ankle) |
| What are the movements of the saddle joint? | Move back & forth & side to side (limited) |
| What are the movements of the condyloid joint? | Allows flexion, extension, & side to side |
| Describe the three types of muscles? | Cardiac - involuntary, striated, only in the heart Smooth - involuntary, nonstriated, fount in digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, airways & uterus Skeletal - voluntary, appears markedly by striated, attached to bone and causes movement in the body |
| Compare direct & indirect attachment | Direct attachment, muscle fibers merge with the periosteum of the bone Indirect attachment, the epemysium extends past the muscle as a tendon, the tendon then merges with the periosteum |
| How does a motor neuron work? | It receives a message from the skeletal muscle nerve |
| What affects the force of concentration? | There are a number of things that affect force contraction including size of the muscle, Deere of stretch, & number of muscle fibers contracting |
| What is incomplete tetanus? | It's the condition of rapid contraction with only partial relaxation |
| How does the body meet the needs of oxygen during exercise? | The heart and lungs work harder |
| What muscles are involved in breathing? | External intercostals |
| What is synovial fluid? | A slippery, viscous fluid with the consistency of an egg white; lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris |
| What is synovial membran? | A thin layer of hyline cartilage that covers the bone surfaces; in combination with synovial fluid, it permits friction -free movements |
| What attaches muscle to bone? | Tendons |
| What attaches bones to bone? | Cartilage |
| What is supination? | Is movement that turns the palm up |
| What is pronation? | Is movement that turns the palm down |
| What is a ball & socket joint? | It has the greates range of motion of any joint. (Shoulder & hip) The shoulder is most likely joint to dislocate; it usually does so inferiorly, as a result of a downward driving force (such as blow from above) |
| What are mycrofibrils? | The thin & thick myofilaments that stack. They a re arranged in a type of lattice work to form sarcomeres |
| What does a skelatal muscle contraction require? | Stimulation by a motor neuron |
| In "Bi", what does the number of origins mean? | Bi meant two origins - biceps bachii (it attaches at two points) |
| What is the extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position | Hyperflexion |
| What involves bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint? | Flexion |
| What involves straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones? | Extension |
| What involves moving the foot upward? | Dorsiflexion |
| What involves moving the toes downward (toward the plantar surface) | Plantar flexion |
| What is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body? | Abduction |
| What is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body? | Adduction |
| What is it called when the distal end of an appendage, such as the arm or leg, moves in a circle? | Circumduction |
| What provides an attachment point from some abdominal muscles and is an important landmark for CPR? | Xiphoid process |
| What is the Acromion process? | Extension of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle |
| What is the long bone of the upper arm called? | Humerus |
| What are the parts of the long bone? (Be prepared to label) | Diaphysis (shaft), Medullary cavity, Endosteum, Bone Marrow, Perisoteum |
| Where does bone lengthening occur for a fixed period? | Epiphyseal plate "growth plate" |
| What type of fracture causes the bone to splinter rather than break completely? (Typically occurs in children) | Greenstick fracture |
| What type of fracture is when the bone is broken into several places & most likely to occur in car accidents? | Comminuted fracture |
| What is the epimysium? (Be prepared to label) | Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole and binds all the muscle fibers together |
| What does anaerobic respiration mean? | Without oxygen |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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