Module 5&6 A&P
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Bone Functions | Shape, support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
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| Flat bones | Thin, flat often curved bones, the protect organs and some provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles
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| Diaphysis | Hollow cylinder made of compact bone; gives the bone strength, central shaft- like portion of bone
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| Articular cartilage | Covers the epiphysis; eases the movement of the bone within a joint
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| Red bone marrow | Fills the medullary cavity in children, in adults, most marrow has turned to yellow marrow
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| Bone matrix consist of... | Collagen fibers and crystalline salts, matrix of bone is hard and calcified making it unique from other connective tissue
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| Compressional strength | Calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces
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| Red Bone marrow | Produces red blood cells
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| Yellow bone marrow | Saturated with fat, not able to produce blood cells, replaces red bone marrow overtime
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| First skeleton in develope fetus is composed of | Cartilage and fibrous connective tissue
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| Endrochondral ossification | Cartilage begins to turn into bone, begins in long bones
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| Frontanels | "Soft spots", part of the newborns skull, allows safe compression of head while passing through birth canal, allows skull to expand as brain grows, completely modified by age 2, consist of fibrous connective tissue
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| Bone lengthening occurs at the..... | Epiphyseal plate for fixed period, growth plate
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| Vitamins and minerals need for bone growth | Calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A C and D
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| Greenstick fracture | Fracture is incomplete
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| Comminuted fracture | Bone is broken into pieces, most likely to occur in a car accident
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| Adult skeleton has | 206 bones
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| Head | Prominent expanded end of a bone
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| Trochanter | A large process, found only in the femur
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| Tuberosity | A rough, raised bump; usually for muscle attachment
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| Foramen | a round opening, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves
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| Meatus | A tube like opening
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| Condyle | A rounded knob, usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint
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| Axial skeleton | 80 bones, skull, spine, ribs
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| Kyphosis | Thoracic curve
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| True pelvis | Wide and shallow in females and narrow and deep in males, females have a larger pelvic outlet and wider pubic arch than males
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| Femur | Longest and strongest bone in the body. It articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form ball and socket joint (hip)
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| Patella | Also known as the kneecap, a triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee
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| Fibula | Slender bone of the lower leg, stabilize ankle, no weight
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| Synovial joints | Freely moveable joints contain a fluid filled joint capsule.
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| Pivot joint | Formed by the first and second cervical vertebrae, allows bones to rotate
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| Hinge joint | Allows only back and forth movements
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| Gliding joints | Two relatively flat bone surfaces slide over each other
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| Ball and socket joints | Ball shaped head of one bone fits into a cup like socket of another bone, wider range of motion
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| Saddle joint | Both bones shaped like saddle, move back and forth and side to side
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| Condyloid joint | Oval surface on another oval surface
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| Tendons attach | Muscle to bone
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| Shoulder | Ball and socket joint, has the great range of motion of any joint, most likely joint to dislocate
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| Elbow | Consist of two articulations:between the humerus and the ulna, hinge joint
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| Hip | Ball n socket joint, more stable than shoulder, socket is deeper than the shoulder joint
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| Types of muscles | Cardiac, smooth and skeletal
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| Cardiac muscle | Involuntary, appears striped or striated, found only in the heart
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| Smooth muscle | Involuntary, non striated, found in digestive tract,blood vessels, bladder, airways and uterus
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| Skeletal muscle | Voluntary, appears markedly striated, attached to the bone and causes movement of body
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| Muscle fiber | Skeletal muscle cell
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| Epimysium | Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole and binds all the muscle fibers together
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| Muscles attach to bone | By tendons- strong cords of fibrous connective tissue
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| Skeletal muscle contractions required.... | Stimulation of motor unit
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| Muscle tone | A continuous state of partial muscle contraction in which muscles are at there optimal resting length
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| Threshold | The minimum voltage needed to cause muscle fiber contraction
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| Incomplete tetanus | The condition of rapid contraction with only partial relaxation
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| Anaerobic respiration | Generate energy from glucose for activity
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| Prime mover | The main muscle triggering the movement
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| Synergists | The muscle that assist
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| Antagonist | Muscles balancing these movements
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| Number of origins | Bi means two origins- biceps brachii
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| Sternocleidomastoid | Flexes the head
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| Frontails | Raises the eyebrows when glancing upward or when showing surprise
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| Muscles used for breathing | External intercostal, internal intercostal, and diaphragm
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| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes, and rotates the arm ,,,swimming
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| Pectoralis major | Flexes and adducts the upper arm,,,, climbing or hiking
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| Trapezius | Raises and lowers shoulders, stabilizes the scapula durning movement
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| Latissimus dorsi | Adducts the humerus, extends the upper arm
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| Iliopsoas | Flexes thigh
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| Sartorius | Longest muscle in body, aids in flexing of hip and knee
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| Quadriceps femoris | Most powerful muscle in the body
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| Bulging calf muscle consist of | Gastrocnemius and soleus
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| Intra membrane ossification | Frontanels, allows safe compressions, allows skull to expand as the brain grows, completely ossified by age 2, consist of fibrous connective tissue
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| Uncomplicated fracture heals | 8-12 weeks
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| Four pairs of sinuses filled with air open into the internal nose; lighten the skull and act as resonators for..... | Sound production
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| Acromion process | Extension of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
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| Synovial fluid | Lubricates the joints, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris
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| Ligaments attach | Bone to bone
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| Scoliosis | Spine curves to the side
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| Lordosis | Lumbar curvature
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| Brachialis | Prime mover when flexing the forearm
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