Integumentary System
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| integumentary system functions | protection, body temperature regulation, blood resevoir and excretion
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| if body temperature is normal and unnoticable sweating is occuring, ___ perspiration occurs | insensible
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| ___ perspiration occurs when body temperature rises, noticeable sweating occurs | sensible
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| the skin secretes natural antbiotics called: | defensins
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| the epidermis is made up of ___ tissue | stratified squamous epithelium
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| what is the outermost protective shield of body? | epidermis
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| epidermis has 5 layers called | stratum basale, stratum spinsoum, stratum granulosom, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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| which layer is only found in thick skin? | stratum lucidum
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| melanin is produced in the stratum ___ layer | basale
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| the deepest epidermis layer attached to dermis is called the | stratum basale
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| the stratum basale has a single row of __ cells | mitotic
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| the cell appearance changes in the stratum ___ layer | granulosum
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| what happens in stratum granulosum layer? | keratinization begins, nuclei and organelles disintegrate and cells flatten
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| keratinization helps: | form keratin
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| there are no hair follicles in this layer: | stratum lucidum
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| this is known as the horny layer ___ | stratum corneum
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| which layer is 20 to 30 rows of dead flattened cells? | stratum corneum
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| tactile (merkel) cells are | sensory touch receptors
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| dendritic (langerhans) cells are | macrophages - which is key activator to immune system
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| keratinocytes are tightly connected by ___ | desmosomes
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| ___ are most cells of the epidermis | keratinocytes
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| the dermis is composed of ___ tissue | dense irregular connective
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| the dermis contains: | nerve fibers, blood, lyphatic vessels, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands
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| cells in the dermis | macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells and leukocytes
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| 2 layers of dermis: | papilary and reticular layer
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| dermal papillae contains: | mesisners corsuscles (touch receptors) and free nerve ending (pain receptors)
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| hypodermis is also known as the | subcutaneous layer
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| the ___ helps insulate and regulate body temperature | hypodermis
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| 3 pigments that contribute to skin color: | carotene, melanin and hemoglobin
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| carotene | yellow to orange pigment - most noticeable in palms and soles
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| ___ is the only pigment made in skin | melanin
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| __ can be converted to vitamin A for vision | carotene
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| hemoglobin | pinkish hue of fair skin
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| cyanosis | low oxygen - blue skin color
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| erythema | hypertension, inflammation, allergy - redness
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| anemia, low blood pressure, fear or anger - pale skin color | pallor
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| jaundice | liver disorder - yellow cast
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| clotted blood beneath skin - black or blue marks | bruises
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| malignant means: | cancerous
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| benign is: | non cancerous
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| most skin cancers are ___ and do not metastasize | benign
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| risk factors of cancer | overexposure to UV radiation, frequent irritation of skin
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| least malignant & most common type of skin cancer: | basal cell carcinoma - base layer of epidermis
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| the more melanin you have , your body can absorb ___ UV rays | more
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| squamous cell carcinoma | 2nd most common type of skin cancer - does metastasize
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| melanoma is the cancer of ___ | melanocytes
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| ___ is the most dangerous and highly metastatic cancee | melanoma
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| ___ is resistant to chemo | melanoma
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| key to survival of melanoma is: | early detection
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| edema means: | swelling
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| ___ carcinoma is removed surgically and treated by radiation | squamous cell carcinoma
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| ____ burns involve epidermal damage only | 1st degree
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| redness, swelling and pain are all signs of___ | 1st degree burns
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| 2nd degree burns involves the: | epidermal and dermal layer
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| a sign of a 2nd degree burn is often: | blistering
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| 1st and 2nd degree burns are known as ___ burns | partial thickness
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| 3rd degree burns are ___ burns | full thickness
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| 3rd degree burns involves | the entire thickness of skin - blackened, gray or white color
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| skin gafting is usually involved in this type of burn: | 3rd degree
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| 3rd degree burns are not painful b/c: | the nerve endings are destroyed and swollen
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| why does the hair turn gray/white? | melanin production decreases and air bubbles replace melanin in hair shafts
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| hairs on the scalp guards the head against: | physical trauma, heat loss and sunlight
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| ___ determines the condition, and how much fluid has to be replaced | rules of nines
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| __ and __ affect hair growth | nutrition & hormones
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| associated with each hair follicle is a bundle of smooth muscle cells called: | arrector pili
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| ___ is resposible for goose bumps | arrector pili
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| sweat glands are a.k.a | sudoriferous glands
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| 2 types of sudoriferous glands: | eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine
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| eccrine glands secrete: | sweat
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| these glands are found in the hands, soles and forehead and are the most numerous. | eccrine
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| ___ glands function in thermoregulation | eccrine
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| apocrine glands secretion is: | sweat + proteins + fatty acids
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| apocrine glands lie deeper in the __ | dermis
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| this glands begins functioning at puberty | apocrine
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| apocrine glands are odorless until: | bacterial interaction - causes body odor
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| what are the 2 modified apocrine glands? | mammary and ceruminous
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| ceruminous glands secrete: | earwax
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| mammary glands secrete: | milk
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| sebacious glands secrete: | sebum (oil)
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| this gland is stimulated by hormones, especially androgens. | sebacious gland
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| what is androgens? | male sex hormone
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| this gland is known for softening hair and skin | sebacious gland
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| sebum functions: | prevents hair from becoming brittle & slows water loss when external humidity is low
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