Hormones of the body
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| Oxytocin (stimulated by...) | Touch receptors on nipple & stretch receptors on cervix
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| Oxytocin (released from...) | Posterior pituitary
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| Oxytocin (target) | Mammary glands & uterine muscles
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| Oxytocin (effects) | Acts on smooth muscle around milk glands to release milk; stimulates contractions during labor
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| Oxytocin (tropic?) | No
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| Oxytocin (notes) | Positive feedback & plays a role in social bonding
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| FSH & LH (stimulated by...) | Gonadotropin releasing hormone
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| FSH & LH (released from...) | Anterior pituitary
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| ADH & AVP (released by...) | Posterior pituitary
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| ADH & AVP (target) | Kidney
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| FSH & LH (target) | Ovaries & testes
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| FSH & LH (effects) | Leads to estrogen release / ovulation or testosterone release / sperm production
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| FSH & LH (tropic?) | Yes
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| FSH & LH (notes) | Also called gonadotropins
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| TSH (stimulating by...) | Thyrotropin releasing hormone
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| TSH (released from...) | Anterior pituitary
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| TSH (target) | Thyroid gland
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| TSH (effects) | Promotes growth of follicles and released T3/T4 from follicles.
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| TSH (tropic?) | Yes
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| TSH (notes) | Also called thyrotropin
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| T3/T4 (stimulated by...) | TSH
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| T3/T4 (released by...) | Thyroid
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| T3/T4 (target) | Pretty much every cell
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| T3/T4 (effects) | Stimulates cellular metabolism & growth
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| T3/T4 (tropic?) | No
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| T3/T4 (notes) | Lipophilic (even though not steroid). Has iodine connected to things. T4 more common. T3 more powerful. Cells can convert T4 -> T3
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| ACTH (stimulated by...) | Corticotropic releasing hormone
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| ACTH (released from...) | Anterior pituitary
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| ACTH (target) | Adrenal cortex
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| ACTH (effects) | Acts on adrenal cortex (and not the medulla) to release various hormones
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| ACTH (tropic?) | Yes
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| ACTH (notes) | Acts on all 3 levels of cortex. Also called corticotropin
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| Cortisol (stimulated by...) | ACTH
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| Cortisol (released by...) | Adrenal cortex
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| Cortisol (target) | Muscle, liver, immune system
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| Cortisol (effects) | Breaks down proteins in the muscle, stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver & gluconeogenesis to make new glucose
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| Cortisol (tropic?) | No
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| Cortisol (notes) | Suppresses immune function. More likely to get sick during exams because stress causes high cortisol. Regulates plasma glucose levels (glucocorticoid).
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| Epinephrine - adrenaline (stimulated by...) | Sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight response)
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| Epinephrine - adrenaline (released from...) | Adrenal medulla
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| Epinephrine - adrenaline (target) | Heart, blood vessels, others
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| Epinephrine - adrenaline (effects) | Increase heart rate & contraction strength; increase blood flow to "emergency"organs, decreasing to reproductive, digestive, skin.
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| Epinephrine - adrenaline (tropic?) | No
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| Epinephrine - adrenaline (notes) | mediates fight/flight response
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| Prolactin (stimulated by...) | prolactin releasing hormone
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| Prolactin (released from...) | Anterior pituitary
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| Prolactin (target) | Mammary glands
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| Prolactin (effects) | Stimulates milk secretion/production
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| Prolactin (tropic?) | No
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| Prolactin (notes) | The large drop in estrogen and progesterone (when the placenta comes out) stimulates prolactin secretion
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| MSH (stimulated by) | sunlight
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| MSH (released from) | anterior pituitary
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| MSH (target) | melanocytes (in skin)
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| MSH (effects) | Leads to release of melanin (a protein) to darken skin
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| MSH (tropic?) | No
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| MSH (notes) | Acts as satiety signal (you are full and decreases hunger)
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| Endorphins (stimulated by...) | Stress and pain
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| Endorphins (released from...) | Anterior pituitary
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| Endorphins (target) | Nervous system
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| Endorphins (effects) | Relieves pain; causes feelings of euphora
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| Endorphins (tropic?) | No
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| Endorphins (Notes) | Natural opiates. Same shape as opium from poppy plant
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| Growth hormone (stimulated by..) | Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
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| Growth hormone (released by...) | Anterior pituitary
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| Growth hormone (target) | Liver
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| Growth hormone (effects) | Liver released IGF; body growth; mitosis, lipolysis, RNA/protein synthesis
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| Growth hormone (tropic?) | Yes (IGF) and No (metabolism)
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| Growth hormone (notes) | Somatostatin inhibits it
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| IGF | Insulinrelated growth hormone
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| Parathyroid hormone (stimulated by...) | Low calcium concentration
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| Parathyroid hormone (released by...) | Parathyroid
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| Parathyroid hormone (target) | Bone, intestine, kidney
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| Parathyroid hormone (effects) | Acts on osteoclasts in bone; promotes Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney & intestine
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| Osteoclasts | breaks down bone
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| Osteiblasts | Puts Ca2+ in bone
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| Parathyroid hormone (tropic?) | No
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| Parathyroid hormone (notes) | Too much parathyroid hormone = too much Ca2+ = suppressed immune system
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| Calcitonin (stimulated by...) | High calcium concentration
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| Calcitonin (released by...) | Thyroid
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| Calcitonin (target) | Bone, kidney
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| Calcitonin (effects) | Acts on osteoblasts in bone; reduces reabsorption in kidney
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| Calcitonin (tropic?) | No
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| Insulin (stimulated by...) | High glucose
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| Insulin (released by...) | Pancreas beta cells
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| Insulin (target) | Liver
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| Insulin (effects) | Promotes glycogen synthesis
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| Insulin (tropic?) | No
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| Insulin (disorder) | Diabetes Type I
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| The thyroid releases... | T3, T4, and calcitonin
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| Glucagon (stimulated by...) | Low glucose
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| Glucagon (released by...) | Pancreas alpha cells
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| Glucagon (target) | Liver
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| Glucagon (effects) | Promotes glycogen breakdown
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| Glucagon (tropic?) | No
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| Glycogen is stored in the... | Liver
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| Cortisol converts muscle proteins into... | carbohydrates (glycogen) to make more glucose.
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| Diabetes Type I is... | autoimmune. Destroys beta cells
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| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone
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| FSH | Follicle-Stimulating hormone
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| LH | Luteinizing hormone
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| Lypolysis | Break down of lipids: induced by epinephrine, norepinephrine, ghrelin, growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol.
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| MSH | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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