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Hormones
Hormones of the body
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oxytocin (stimulated by...) | Touch receptors on nipple & stretch receptors on cervix |
| Oxytocin (released from...) | Posterior pituitary |
| Oxytocin (target) | Mammary glands & uterine muscles |
| Oxytocin (effects) | Acts on smooth muscle around milk glands to release milk; stimulates contractions during labor |
| Oxytocin (tropic?) | No |
| Oxytocin (notes) | Positive feedback & plays a role in social bonding |
| FSH & LH (stimulated by...) | Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| FSH & LH (released from...) | Anterior pituitary |
| ADH & AVP (released by...) | Posterior pituitary |
| ADH & AVP (target) | Kidney |
| FSH & LH (target) | Ovaries & testes |
| FSH & LH (effects) | Leads to estrogen release / ovulation or testosterone release / sperm production |
| FSH & LH (tropic?) | Yes |
| FSH & LH (notes) | Also called gonadotropins |
| TSH (stimulating by...) | Thyrotropin releasing hormone |
| TSH (released from...) | Anterior pituitary |
| TSH (target) | Thyroid gland |
| TSH (effects) | Promotes growth of follicles and released T3/T4 from follicles. |
| TSH (tropic?) | Yes |
| TSH (notes) | Also called thyrotropin |
| T3/T4 (stimulated by...) | TSH |
| T3/T4 (released by...) | Thyroid |
| T3/T4 (target) | Pretty much every cell |
| T3/T4 (effects) | Stimulates cellular metabolism & growth |
| T3/T4 (tropic?) | No |
| T3/T4 (notes) | Lipophilic (even though not steroid). Has iodine connected to things. T4 more common. T3 more powerful. Cells can convert T4 -> T3 |
| ACTH (stimulated by...) | Corticotropic releasing hormone |
| ACTH (released from...) | Anterior pituitary |
| ACTH (target) | Adrenal cortex |
| ACTH (effects) | Acts on adrenal cortex (and not the medulla) to release various hormones |
| ACTH (tropic?) | Yes |
| ACTH (notes) | Acts on all 3 levels of cortex. Also called corticotropin |
| Cortisol (stimulated by...) | ACTH |
| Cortisol (released by...) | Adrenal cortex |
| Cortisol (target) | Muscle, liver, immune system |
| Cortisol (effects) | Breaks down proteins in the muscle, stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver & gluconeogenesis to make new glucose |
| Cortisol (tropic?) | No |
| Cortisol (notes) | Suppresses immune function. More likely to get sick during exams because stress causes high cortisol. Regulates plasma glucose levels (glucocorticoid). |
| Epinephrine - adrenaline (stimulated by...) | Sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight response) |
| Epinephrine - adrenaline (released from...) | Adrenal medulla |
| Epinephrine - adrenaline (target) | Heart, blood vessels, others |
| Epinephrine - adrenaline (effects) | Increase heart rate & contraction strength; increase blood flow to "emergency"organs, decreasing to reproductive, digestive, skin. |
| Epinephrine - adrenaline (tropic?) | No |
| Epinephrine - adrenaline (notes) | mediates fight/flight response |
| Prolactin (stimulated by...) | prolactin releasing hormone |
| Prolactin (released from...) | Anterior pituitary |
| Prolactin (target) | Mammary glands |
| Prolactin (effects) | Stimulates milk secretion/production |
| Prolactin (tropic?) | No |
| Prolactin (notes) | The large drop in estrogen and progesterone (when the placenta comes out) stimulates prolactin secretion |
| MSH (stimulated by) | sunlight |
| MSH (released from) | anterior pituitary |
| MSH (target) | melanocytes (in skin) |
| MSH (effects) | Leads to release of melanin (a protein) to darken skin |
| MSH (tropic?) | No |
| MSH (notes) | Acts as satiety signal (you are full and decreases hunger) |
| Endorphins (stimulated by...) | Stress and pain |
| Endorphins (released from...) | Anterior pituitary |
| Endorphins (target) | Nervous system |
| Endorphins (effects) | Relieves pain; causes feelings of euphora |
| Endorphins (tropic?) | No |
| Endorphins (Notes) | Natural opiates. Same shape as opium from poppy plant |
| Growth hormone (stimulated by..) | Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) |
| Growth hormone (released by...) | Anterior pituitary |
| Growth hormone (target) | Liver |
| Growth hormone (effects) | Liver released IGF; body growth; mitosis, lipolysis, RNA/protein synthesis |
| Growth hormone (tropic?) | Yes (IGF) and No (metabolism) |
| Growth hormone (notes) | Somatostatin inhibits it |
| IGF | Insulinrelated growth hormone |
| Parathyroid hormone (stimulated by...) | Low calcium concentration |
| Parathyroid hormone (released by...) | Parathyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone (target) | Bone, intestine, kidney |
| Parathyroid hormone (effects) | Acts on osteoclasts in bone; promotes Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney & intestine |
| Osteoclasts | breaks down bone |
| Osteiblasts | Puts Ca2+ in bone |
| Parathyroid hormone (tropic?) | No |
| Parathyroid hormone (notes) | Too much parathyroid hormone = too much Ca2+ = suppressed immune system |
| Calcitonin (stimulated by...) | High calcium concentration |
| Calcitonin (released by...) | Thyroid |
| Calcitonin (target) | Bone, kidney |
| Calcitonin (effects) | Acts on osteoblasts in bone; reduces reabsorption in kidney |
| Calcitonin (tropic?) | No |
| Insulin (stimulated by...) | High glucose |
| Insulin (released by...) | Pancreas beta cells |
| Insulin (target) | Liver |
| Insulin (effects) | Promotes glycogen synthesis |
| Insulin (tropic?) | No |
| Insulin (disorder) | Diabetes Type I |
| The thyroid releases... | T3, T4, and calcitonin |
| Glucagon (stimulated by...) | Low glucose |
| Glucagon (released by...) | Pancreas alpha cells |
| Glucagon (target) | Liver |
| Glucagon (effects) | Promotes glycogen breakdown |
| Glucagon (tropic?) | No |
| Glycogen is stored in the... | Liver |
| Cortisol converts muscle proteins into... | carbohydrates (glycogen) to make more glucose. |
| Diabetes Type I is... | autoimmune. Destroys beta cells |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| FSH | Follicle-Stimulating hormone |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone |
| Lypolysis | Break down of lipids: induced by epinephrine, norepinephrine, ghrelin, growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol. |
| MSH | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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