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| functions of the nervous system | - monitors the internal and external environments
- permits sensory input
- performs interpretation/integration
- coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems
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| receptors detect: | stimuli/touch
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| neuroglia are | -helper cells
- also called glial cells
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| the functions of the nervous system are performed by: | neurons
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| neurons are supported and protected by: | neuroglia (glial cells)
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| the nervous system; communication occurs by way of: | electrical impulses (faster)
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| the endocrine system; communication occurs by way of: | hormones carried by the blood
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| Central Nervous System includes: | - brain and spinal cord
- coordinate sensory data/ motor commands
- higher order functions ( memory, learning, emotion )
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| Peripheral Nervous System includes: | - nerves and neural tissue outside the CNS
- communication means between the CNS and the rest of the body
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| Afferent (sensory) division involves: | -incoming messages
- brings sensory information to the CNS from the receptors in peripheral tissues
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| Efferent (motor) division involves: | - carrying motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue (effectors)
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| functional divisions are: | Afferent Division and Efferent Division
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| Efferent division has two components, they are; | Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
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| Somatic Nervous System involves: | - control of skeletal muscle contractions
- voluntary contractions are under conscious control
- involuntary contractions are controlled at the subconscious level
- reflexes
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| Autonomic Nervous System involves: | - control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue
- involuntary actions
- is divided into two categories
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| Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two categories which are: | parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System involves: | - controlling relaxed state functions
- decreases metabolic rate
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| Sympathetic Nervous System involves: | - becoming fully activated during emergency situations "fight or flight"
- elevates metabolic rate
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| Sympathetic is an antagonist for: | Parasympathetic
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| two main categories for cells of the Nervous System: | neurons and neuroglial cells
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| neurons conduct ___. | action potentials
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| neuroglial cells provide support and protection to ___. | neurons
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| the cell body contains the nucleus with a concentration of ___. | cytoplasm
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| the cell body contains; | - numerous mitochondria
- free and mixed ribosomes = rough E.R.
- rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- clusters of RER and free ribosomes stain darkly
- create the gray color of gray matter
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| Nissl bodies are: | clusters of RER and free ribosomes stain darkly
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| dentrites are: | - small, highly branches processes
- receive and conduct information to the cell body
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| an axon is: | -long process that conducts action potentials
- called nerve fibers
- surrounded by the axolemma
- attached to the cell body at the axon hillock
- some divide into branches called collaterals
- communicates to several cells
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| Telodendria is a series in which cells end in, those cells are; | axons and collaterals
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| Telodendria have ends called ___. | synaptic terminals ( synaptic knobs )
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| the synapse is a __. | specialized site where the synaptic terminals of a presynaptic cell communicates to a postsynaptic cell (responding)
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| which neurons have no distinguishable axon, are uncommon and found within the brain? | Anaxonic Neurons
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| which neurons have two processes (one axon and one dendrite), are found in the neural pathways involved with sight, smell and hearing? | bipolar Neurons
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| which neurons have one projection (axon) and are most sensory neurons? | Unipolar Neurons
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| which neurons have multiple dendrites and one axon, most neurons of the CNS and motor neurons are of this type? | Multipolar Neurons
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| afferent (sensory ) neurons include? | - unipolar neurons of the afferent division of the PNS - about 10 million total - connect sensory receptors with the CNS
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| In afferent (sensory) neurons receptors can be: | - dendrites of the sensory neuron
- specialized cells of specialized sense organs
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| in afferent (sensory) neurons receptors are classified as: | - interoceptors
-exteroceptors
- proprioceptors
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| functions of interceptors are: | - motoring the internal environment - visceral sensory neurons carry information to the CNS
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| functions of exteroceptors are: | - monitoring the external environment - somatic sensory neurons carry information to the CNS
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| functions of propioceptors are: | - monitoring the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints - somatic sensory neurons carry information to the CNS
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| efferent (motor) neurons include? | - multipolar neurons of the efferent division to the PNS - least abundant ( about 0.5 million) - communicate to effectors - transmit response signals
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| Somatic motor neurons and Visceral motor neurons are a part of what type of neuron? | Efferent Neurons
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| Visceral sensory neurons and Somatic sensory neurons are a part of what type of neuron? | Afferent Neurons
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| functions of Somatic motor neurons of the somatic nervous system are: | - communicate to skeletal muscles - a single somatic neuron will travel the entire distance from the CNS to the effector
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| functions of visceral motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system are: | - communicate to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue - two visceral motor neurons are required to link the CNS to an effector
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| interneurons are found: | within the CNS and perform interpretation and integration
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| ependymal cells produce: | CSF
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| there in co communication carrying in the: | Neuroglia of the CNS
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| functions of ependymal cells are: | -forming an epithelium called ependyma that lines brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord and assisting in producing, circulating, and monitoring of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- - - cushions and transports gases, nutrients, wastes.
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| what type of cells are the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS? | Astrocytes
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| astrocytes form the ___. | blood-brain barrier
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| functions of astrocytes are: | providing structural support, absorbing and recycling neurotransmitters, forming scar tissue after injury
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| functions of a blood-brain barrier are: | regulating ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas exchange between the blood and the neurons of the CNS
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| functions of oligodendrocytes are: | having cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around CNS axons and create a membranous sheath of electrical insulation call Myelin.
-- diptheria and multiple sclerosis are demyelination diseases
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| Melinated areas along an axon are called ____. | internodes
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| functions of Microglia are: | - small phagocytes
- least numerous of the neuroglia of the CNS
0 remove cell debris, wastes and pathgens
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| what cells are a part of the Neuroglia of the PNS? | Schwann cells and satellite cells
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| what type of cells form/create the myelin sheath PNS axons? | Schwann cells
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| what is the outer surface of the Schwann cells and only occurs at nodes? | Neurilemma
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| functions of Satelite cells are: | - surrounding neuron cell bodies in ganglia
- regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
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| wave of electrical fluctuation that travels aong the axolemma of a neuron is called ____? | Nervous Impulse (action potential)
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| difference in electrical charge across a membrane due to differences in ion concentration is called a ___. | Membrane Potential
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| in a membrane potential: | - 1/3 less positive inside and more positive outside
- slight excess of cations (+) on outside
- creates a polarized membrane
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| memrbrane potentials have what type concentration on the outside and what type on the inside? | outside the cell a high concentration of Na+ and Cl-.
inside the cell a high concentration of K+ and negatively charged protiens
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| in leak channels: | - always open
- Na+ leaks in the cell
- K+ leaks out the cell
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| in gated channels: | - open or close only when stimulated
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| in resting membrane potential: | - more positive on the outside
- maintained at about -70mV
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| Na+ is most abundant when: | outside the cell
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| Sodium-potassium pump | - carrier proteins
- moves three Na+ ions out to each two K+ entering
- always occuring
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| functions of excitation are: | - stimulus causes Na+ channels to open
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| with enough local depolarization a threshold stimulus is reached at: | -60mV = action potential
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| resting membrane potential is what mV? | -70mV
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| repolarization begina when voltage-regulated potassium gates open, this occurs at what mV? | +30mV
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| Relative refractory period is: | - time when membrane is repolarizing and can only respond to very strong stimuli
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| greater stimuli cannot produce ____. | great action potentials
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| greater stimuli levels CAN produce greater ___. | frequency of action potentials
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| continuous propagation is ___. | slower conduction that occurs along nonmyelinated axons ( allows action potentials to travel fast and action potential must travel along the entire membrane
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| Saltaory propagation is a ___. | rapid conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon and action potential only occurs in nonmyelinated regions, so the action potential jumps from node to node. increases spped of propagation = 120m/sec or 268 mph
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| type A fibers: | are the largest myelinated axons and fastest propagation speed (120m/sec or 268 mph)
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| type B fibers: | are smaller myelinated fibers and propagation speed = 18m/sec or 40 mph
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| type C fibers: | are the smallest, nonmyelinated fibers and slowest propagation speed (1m/sec or 2 mph)
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| Norepinephrine | - released at adrenergic synapses and typically has an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane
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| Dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter released in many areas of the brain and Parkinson's disease are damaged or destroyed
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| Serotonin | inadequate serotonin production may be responsible for mahy cases of chronic depression and prozac, paxil, and zoloft are antidepressant drugs. -- my relieve the symptoms of depression
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| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | CNS neurotransmitter and inhibitory effect in the brain; reduces anxiety
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| Glutamate | most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and important in memory and learning
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| Glycine | major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and the poison strychnine blocks glycine receptors; produces fatal convulsions
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| types of nueropeptides are: | substance P and opioids
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| substance P are: | important in the dection and interpretation of pain
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| Opioids are: | neuromodulators that relieve pain by inhibiting the release of substance P in the brain
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| a type of Purines is: | Adenosine
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| Adenosine is: | released in the CNS, produces drowsiness and caffeine inhibits adenosine activity
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| type of gasses are: | Nitric oxide
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| Nitric oxie | produces localized vasodilation
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| when a voltage-regulated calcium channels what diffuse into synaptic knob? | calcium ions
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