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chapter 12
notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| functions of the nervous system | - monitors the internal and external environments - permits sensory input - performs interpretation/integration - coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems |
| receptors detect: | stimuli/touch |
| neuroglia are | -helper cells - also called glial cells |
| the functions of the nervous system are performed by: | neurons |
| neurons are supported and protected by: | neuroglia (glial cells) |
| the nervous system; communication occurs by way of: | electrical impulses (faster) |
| the endocrine system; communication occurs by way of: | hormones carried by the blood |
| Central Nervous System includes: | - brain and spinal cord - coordinate sensory data/ motor commands - higher order functions ( memory, learning, emotion ) |
| Peripheral Nervous System includes: | - nerves and neural tissue outside the CNS - communication means between the CNS and the rest of the body |
| Afferent (sensory) division involves: | -incoming messages - brings sensory information to the CNS from the receptors in peripheral tissues |
| Efferent (motor) division involves: | - carrying motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue (effectors) |
| functional divisions are: | Afferent Division and Efferent Division |
| Efferent division has two components, they are; | Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System |
| Somatic Nervous System involves: | - control of skeletal muscle contractions - voluntary contractions are under conscious control - involuntary contractions are controlled at the subconscious level - reflexes |
| Autonomic Nervous System involves: | - control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue - involuntary actions - is divided into two categories |
| Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two categories which are: | parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System involves: | - controlling relaxed state functions - decreases metabolic rate |
| Sympathetic Nervous System involves: | - becoming fully activated during emergency situations "fight or flight" - elevates metabolic rate |
| Sympathetic is an antagonist for: | Parasympathetic |
| two main categories for cells of the Nervous System: | neurons and neuroglial cells |
| neurons conduct ___. | action potentials |
| neuroglial cells provide support and protection to ___. | neurons |
| the cell body contains the nucleus with a concentration of ___. | cytoplasm |
| the cell body contains; | - numerous mitochondria - free and mixed ribosomes = rough E.R. - rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - clusters of RER and free ribosomes stain darkly - create the gray color of gray matter |
| Nissl bodies are: | clusters of RER and free ribosomes stain darkly |
| dentrites are: | - small, highly branches processes - receive and conduct information to the cell body |
| an axon is: | -long process that conducts action potentials - called nerve fibers - surrounded by the axolemma - attached to the cell body at the axon hillock - some divide into branches called collaterals - communicates to several cells |
| Telodendria is a series in which cells end in, those cells are; | axons and collaterals |
| Telodendria have ends called ___. | synaptic terminals ( synaptic knobs ) |
| the synapse is a __. | specialized site where the synaptic terminals of a presynaptic cell communicates to a postsynaptic cell (responding) |
| which neurons have no distinguishable axon, are uncommon and found within the brain? | Anaxonic Neurons |
| which neurons have two processes (one axon and one dendrite), are found in the neural pathways involved with sight, smell and hearing? | bipolar Neurons |
| which neurons have one projection (axon) and are most sensory neurons? | Unipolar Neurons |
| which neurons have multiple dendrites and one axon, most neurons of the CNS and motor neurons are of this type? | Multipolar Neurons |
| afferent (sensory ) neurons include? | - unipolar neurons of the afferent division of the PNS - about 10 million total - connect sensory receptors with the CNS |
| In afferent (sensory) neurons receptors can be: | - dendrites of the sensory neuron - specialized cells of specialized sense organs |
| in afferent (sensory) neurons receptors are classified as: | - interoceptors -exteroceptors - proprioceptors |
| functions of interceptors are: | - motoring the internal environment - visceral sensory neurons carry information to the CNS |
| functions of exteroceptors are: | - monitoring the external environment - somatic sensory neurons carry information to the CNS |
| functions of propioceptors are: | - monitoring the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints - somatic sensory neurons carry information to the CNS |
| efferent (motor) neurons include? | - multipolar neurons of the efferent division to the PNS - least abundant ( about 0.5 million) - communicate to effectors - transmit response signals |
| Somatic motor neurons and Visceral motor neurons are a part of what type of neuron? | Efferent Neurons |
| Visceral sensory neurons and Somatic sensory neurons are a part of what type of neuron? | Afferent Neurons |
| functions of Somatic motor neurons of the somatic nervous system are: | - communicate to skeletal muscles - a single somatic neuron will travel the entire distance from the CNS to the effector |
| functions of visceral motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system are: | - communicate to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue - two visceral motor neurons are required to link the CNS to an effector |
| interneurons are found: | within the CNS and perform interpretation and integration |
| ependymal cells produce: | CSF |
| there in co communication carrying in the: | Neuroglia of the CNS |
| functions of ependymal cells are: | -forming an epithelium called ependyma that lines brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord and assisting in producing, circulating, and monitoring of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - - - cushions and transports gases, nutrients, wastes. |
| what type of cells are the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS? | Astrocytes |
| astrocytes form the ___. | blood-brain barrier |
| functions of astrocytes are: | providing structural support, absorbing and recycling neurotransmitters, forming scar tissue after injury |
| functions of a blood-brain barrier are: | regulating ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas exchange between the blood and the neurons of the CNS |
| functions of oligodendrocytes are: | having cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around CNS axons and create a membranous sheath of electrical insulation call Myelin. -- diptheria and multiple sclerosis are demyelination diseases |
| Melinated areas along an axon are called ____. | internodes |
| functions of Microglia are: | - small phagocytes - least numerous of the neuroglia of the CNS 0 remove cell debris, wastes and pathgens |
| what cells are a part of the Neuroglia of the PNS? | Schwann cells and satellite cells |
| what type of cells form/create the myelin sheath PNS axons? | Schwann cells |
| what is the outer surface of the Schwann cells and only occurs at nodes? | Neurilemma |
| functions of Satelite cells are: | - surrounding neuron cell bodies in ganglia - regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia |
| wave of electrical fluctuation that travels aong the axolemma of a neuron is called ____? | Nervous Impulse (action potential) |
| difference in electrical charge across a membrane due to differences in ion concentration is called a ___. | Membrane Potential |
| in a membrane potential: | - 1/3 less positive inside and more positive outside - slight excess of cations (+) on outside - creates a polarized membrane |
| memrbrane potentials have what type concentration on the outside and what type on the inside? | outside the cell a high concentration of Na+ and Cl-. inside the cell a high concentration of K+ and negatively charged protiens |
| in leak channels: | - always open - Na+ leaks in the cell - K+ leaks out the cell |
| in gated channels: | - open or close only when stimulated |
| in resting membrane potential: | - more positive on the outside - maintained at about -70mV |
| Na+ is most abundant when: | outside the cell |
| Sodium-potassium pump | - carrier proteins - moves three Na+ ions out to each two K+ entering - always occuring |
| functions of excitation are: | - stimulus causes Na+ channels to open |
| with enough local depolarization a threshold stimulus is reached at: | -60mV = action potential |
| resting membrane potential is what mV? | -70mV |
| repolarization begina when voltage-regulated potassium gates open, this occurs at what mV? | +30mV |
| Relative refractory period is: | - time when membrane is repolarizing and can only respond to very strong stimuli |
| greater stimuli cannot produce ____. | great action potentials |
| greater stimuli levels CAN produce greater ___. | frequency of action potentials |
| continuous propagation is ___. | slower conduction that occurs along nonmyelinated axons ( allows action potentials to travel fast and action potential must travel along the entire membrane |
| Saltaory propagation is a ___. | rapid conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon and action potential only occurs in nonmyelinated regions, so the action potential jumps from node to node. increases spped of propagation = 120m/sec or 268 mph |
| type A fibers: | are the largest myelinated axons and fastest propagation speed (120m/sec or 268 mph) |
| type B fibers: | are smaller myelinated fibers and propagation speed = 18m/sec or 40 mph |
| type C fibers: | are the smallest, nonmyelinated fibers and slowest propagation speed (1m/sec or 2 mph) |
| Norepinephrine | - released at adrenergic synapses and typically has an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane |
| Dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter released in many areas of the brain and Parkinson's disease are damaged or destroyed |
| Serotonin | inadequate serotonin production may be responsible for mahy cases of chronic depression and prozac, paxil, and zoloft are antidepressant drugs. -- my relieve the symptoms of depression |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | CNS neurotransmitter and inhibitory effect in the brain; reduces anxiety |
| Glutamate | most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and important in memory and learning |
| Glycine | major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and the poison strychnine blocks glycine receptors; produces fatal convulsions |
| types of nueropeptides are: | substance P and opioids |
| substance P are: | important in the dection and interpretation of pain |
| Opioids are: | neuromodulators that relieve pain by inhibiting the release of substance P in the brain |
| a type of Purines is: | Adenosine |
| Adenosine is: | released in the CNS, produces drowsiness and caffeine inhibits adenosine activity |
| type of gasses are: | Nitric oxide |
| Nitric oxie | produces localized vasodilation |
| when a voltage-regulated calcium channels what diffuse into synaptic knob? | calcium ions |
Created by:
apurcel1
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