BSC2086_ Chapter 17
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| Two systems—the nervous and endocrine | communicate with neurotransmitters and hormones
- Regulate homeostasis
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| Endocrine system | glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
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| Hormones | chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream
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| Exocrine glands | Have ducts
Extracellular effects
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| Endocrine glands | No ducts
Intracellular effects
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| Major Organs of the Endocrine System | Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Gonads: Ovary (female) Testis (male)
Parathyroid glands
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| Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems | Both serve for internal communication
- Nervous: both electrical and chemical
- Endocrine: only chemical
Speed and persistence of response
- Nervous: fast
- Endocrine: slow
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| Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems | Adaptation to long-term stimuli
- Nervous: quickly
- Endocrine: slowly
Area of effect
- Nervous: targeted and specific (one organ)
- Endocrine: general, widespread effects (many organs)
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| Major Chemical Classes of Hormones | Steroid hormones
Monoamines
Peptide hormones
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| Monoamines | Thyroxine
Epinephrine
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| Steroid hormones | Testosterone
Estradiol
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| Peptide hormones | Angiotensin II
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
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| Hormones stimulate | only those cells that have receptors for them
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| Receptors | On plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus
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| Receptors act like switches turning on | metabolic pathways when hormone binds to them
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| Hydrophilic hormones | - Cannot penetrate into target cell
- Must stimulate physiology indirectly
- Most monoamines and peptides
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| Hydrophobic hormones | - Penetrate plasma membrane and enter nucleus
- Act on the genes changing target cell physiology
- Estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone
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| Synergistic effects | Synergism between FSH and testosterone on sperm production
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| Permissive effects | Estrogen prepares uterus for action of progesterone
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| Antagonistic effects | Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it
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| Hypothalamic hormones | - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone
- Somatostatin
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| Anterior lobe hormones | - Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Prolactin
- Growth hormone
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| Neurohypophysis ( Posterior Pituitary) hormones | Produced in hypothalamus (released by PP)
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
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| Positive Feedback | TRH->TSH->TH->Target organ
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| GH | - induces the liver and other tissue to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I AND IGF-II) or somatomedins
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| Somatomedins | stimulate target cells in diverse tissue
- Mostly IGF-I
- IGF-II important in fetal growth
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| Mechanisms of GH-IGF | - Protein synthesis
- Lipid metabolism (protein sparring effect)
- Carbohydrate metabolism ( glucose sparring effect)
- Electrolyte Balance
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| Stress | caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being
- Injury, surgery, infection, intense exercise, pain, grief, depression, anger, etc.
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| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Three stages:
- Alarm reaction (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
- Stage of resistance (cortisol)
- Stage of exhaustion (can lead to death)
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| Pituitary Disorders | Head trauma affects pituitary gland's ability to secrete ADH
- Diabetes insipidus
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| GH Disorders | - Hypersecretion when young: gigantism
- Hyposecretion when young: pituitary dwarfism
- Hypersecretion as adult: acromegaly
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| Thyroid Disorders | Goiter
Myxedema
Graves disease
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| Goiter | any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| Myxedema | Hypothyroidism
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| Graves disease | Hyperthyroidism - may have bulging eyes later
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| Adrenal Disorders | Cushing syndrome
Addison's Disease
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| Cushing syndrome | excess cortisol secretion
- Hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema
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| Addison's Disease | insufficient gluco- and mineralocorticoids
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| Diabetes Mellitus | - Disruption of fuel metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin
- Elevated blood glucose, glucose and ketones in urine
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| Polyuria | increased urine
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| Polydipsia | thirst
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| Polyphagia | hunger
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| Type 1 (IDDM)—5-10% | Treated with insulin
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| Type 2 (NIDDM)—90-95% | - Problem is insulin resistance (target cells do not respond)
- Treated with weight-loss program and exercise
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| Pathogenesis | — cells cannot absorb glucose, rely on fat and proteins for energy
- Fat catabolism increases free fatty acids and ketones in blood
- Ketoacidosis (ketones decr pH)
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