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BSC2086_ Chapter 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Two systems—the nervous and endocrine | communicate with neurotransmitters and hormones - Regulate homeostasis |
| Endocrine system | glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones |
| Hormones | chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream |
| Exocrine glands | Have ducts Extracellular effects |
| Endocrine glands | No ducts Intracellular effects |
| Major Organs of the Endocrine System | Pineal gland Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Gonads: Ovary (female) Testis (male) Parathyroid glands |
| Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems | Both serve for internal communication - Nervous: both electrical and chemical - Endocrine: only chemical Speed and persistence of response - Nervous: fast - Endocrine: slow |
| Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems | Adaptation to long-term stimuli - Nervous: quickly - Endocrine: slowly Area of effect - Nervous: targeted and specific (one organ) - Endocrine: general, widespread effects (many organs) |
| Major Chemical Classes of Hormones | Steroid hormones Monoamines Peptide hormones |
| Monoamines | Thyroxine Epinephrine |
| Steroid hormones | Testosterone Estradiol |
| Peptide hormones | Angiotensin II Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone |
| Hormones stimulate | only those cells that have receptors for them |
| Receptors | On plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus |
| Receptors act like switches turning on | metabolic pathways when hormone binds to them |
| Hydrophilic hormones | - Cannot penetrate into target cell - Must stimulate physiology indirectly - Most monoamines and peptides |
| Hydrophobic hormones | - Penetrate plasma membrane and enter nucleus - Act on the genes changing target cell physiology - Estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone |
| Synergistic effects | Synergism between FSH and testosterone on sperm production |
| Permissive effects | Estrogen prepares uterus for action of progesterone |
| Antagonistic effects | Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it |
| Hypothalamic hormones | - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - Corticotropin-releasing hormone - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone - Growth hormone-releasing hormone - Somatostatin |
| Anterior lobe hormones | - Follicle-stimulating hormone - Luteinizing hormone - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) - Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Prolactin - Growth hormone |
| Neurohypophysis ( Posterior Pituitary) hormones | Produced in hypothalamus (released by PP) - Oxytocin - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) |
| Positive Feedback | TRH->TSH->TH->Target organ |
| GH | - induces the liver and other tissue to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I AND IGF-II) or somatomedins |
| Somatomedins | stimulate target cells in diverse tissue - Mostly IGF-I - IGF-II important in fetal growth |
| Mechanisms of GH-IGF | - Protein synthesis - Lipid metabolism (protein sparring effect) - Carbohydrate metabolism ( glucose sparring effect) - Electrolyte Balance |
| Stress | caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being - Injury, surgery, infection, intense exercise, pain, grief, depression, anger, etc. |
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Three stages: - Alarm reaction (epinephrine and norepinephrine) - Stage of resistance (cortisol) - Stage of exhaustion (can lead to death) |
| Pituitary Disorders | Head trauma affects pituitary gland's ability to secrete ADH - Diabetes insipidus |
| GH Disorders | - Hypersecretion when young: gigantism - Hyposecretion when young: pituitary dwarfism - Hypersecretion as adult: acromegaly |
| Thyroid Disorders | Goiter Myxedema Graves disease |
| Goiter | any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Myxedema | Hypothyroidism |
| Graves disease | Hyperthyroidism - may have bulging eyes later |
| Adrenal Disorders | Cushing syndrome Addison's Disease |
| Cushing syndrome | excess cortisol secretion - Hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema |
| Addison's Disease | insufficient gluco- and mineralocorticoids |
| Diabetes Mellitus | - Disruption of fuel metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin - Elevated blood glucose, glucose and ketones in urine |
| Polyuria | increased urine |
| Polydipsia | thirst |
| Polyphagia | hunger |
| Type 1 (IDDM)—5-10% | Treated with insulin |
| Type 2 (NIDDM)—90-95% | - Problem is insulin resistance (target cells do not respond) - Treated with weight-loss program and exercise |
| Pathogenesis | — cells cannot absorb glucose, rely on fat and proteins for energy - Fat catabolism increases free fatty acids and ketones in blood - Ketoacidosis (ketones decr pH) |
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