NAU Intro to Anatomy and Physiology, Chemical Basis of Life
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| Simplest substance, cannot be decomposed or resolved by chemical changes into simpler substances. Basic substance out of which all matter is composed. | Elements
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| 2 or more atoms combine of the same kind | Molecule
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| 2 or more atoms combine of a different kind | Compound
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| Instrumental in bond formation | Role of Electrons
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| Formed between oppositely charged particles, if separated the result can be an Electrolyte | Ionic Bonds
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| Molecules in which electrons are shared instead of gained or lost. | Covalent Bonds
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| Weak bonds formed between water molecules and intramolecular bonds. Gives a 3-dimensional shape | Hydrogen bonds
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| The starting materials in a chemical reaction | Reactants
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| The finished compound in a chemical reaction | Products
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| Actual Reaction in a chemical reaction | Synthesis
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| When 2 or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule. Amino acids binding together into proteins | Synthesis Reactions
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| When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions. Ex. Glycogen into individual glucose molecules. | Decomposition Reactions
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| When both synthesis and decomposition reactions are involved as ATP reacts with glucose to become trapped in a cell | Exchange Reactions
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| Can donate a hydrogen ion into a solution | Acid
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| Can accept hydrogen ions from a solution | Base
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| Is a balanced combination of an acid with a base | Salt
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| Monitors the acidity and the alkalinity of a solution based on how many ions have been released into the solution. | PH scale
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| Resist PH change and help prevent such changes, bicarbonate | Buffers
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| A chemical element almost identical except for its number of neutrons in it's nucleus. | Isotope
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| Compounds that do not have carbon and usually dissociates in water forming ions. | Inorganic Substances
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| Universal solvent, can dissolve many substances in large amounts | Water
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| Water | Hydro
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| Water loving | Hydrophyllic
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| Water fearing | Hydrophobic
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| Consists of 2 or more compounds combined but are not chemically bound. | Mixture
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| Homogeneus mixture where the molecule are evenly distributed and will not separate upon standing. | Solution
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| The dissolving substance | Solvent
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| The substance which is being dissolved. Ex- sugar glucose. | Solute
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| Heterogeneous mixture where the particles will separate out upon standing. Ex- Salad dressing | Suspension
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| Used by organelles to release energy from nutrient molecules to drive the cell's metabolic activities | Oxygen
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| Heterogeneous mixture where the particles remain suspended, but DOES NOT separate upon standing. Ex- Jell-O | Colloid
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| Contain ions that are essential for metabolism, maintaining proper water concentrations, pH, blood clotting, bone development, energy transfer within cells and muscle and nerve functions. | Inorganic Salts
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| Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins, contains carbons | Organic Substances
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| Main energy source composed of basic units that are simple sugars. Ex: Monosaccharides, disaccharides (table sugar) | Carbohydrates
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| Chemically diverse group consisting of fats, steriods, vitamins A, D, E and K, all which are fairly insoluable in water. Ex: cholesterol | Lipids
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| Used to make bile salts that help digest lipids. | Cholesterol
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| Are essential for maintaining cell membranes and organelles, synthesis of enzymes, cell division and other processes. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, which form building blocks | Protein
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| Directs the cell's activities, consists of Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytocine (C), Thymine (T). | Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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| Located almost entirely in the cytoplasm, Copy of the DNA. | Ribonucleic Acid
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| Cutting up. A study of structures. | Anatomy
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| Relationship to nature. Study of functions | Physiology
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| Electrons, protons and neutrons | Subatomic Particles
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| Combination of subatomic particles | Atom
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| A binding together of multiple atoms. Ex: water | Molecule
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| A binding together of multiple molecules | Macromolecule
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| Structure within a cell that carry a specific activity for the cell to function. | Organelle
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| Basic functional unit of any living organism. Ex: Thread | Cell
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| Group of cells. Ex: material | Tissue
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| Groups of tissues with the same purpose. Ex: sleeve, collar, cuff. | Organs
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| Groups of organs all functioning for the same purpose. Ex: Shirt, skirt. | Organ systems
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| Living species | Organism
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| Protection, consists of skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands. | Integumentary System
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| Supports and protect, consists of 206 bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints | Skeletal System
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| Formation of blood cells | Hematopoiesis
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| Movement, protection, form, consists of skeltal, cardiac and smooth | Muscular system
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| Central and peripheral, consists of brain, spinal cord and everything else with brain | Nervous system
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| Hormone production, located in various areas of the body | Endocrine system
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| Moves nutrients and gases into and out of the tissues, consists of heart and vessels | Cardiovascular system
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| Immunity, protection and absorption of digested fats; located in various areas of the body. | Lymphatic system
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| Gas movement in adn out of the tissues, consists of lungs and passageways | Respiratory system
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| Absorption of nutrients; consists of everything of mouth to anus | Digestive system
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| Reduction of waste and excess water; consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. | Urinary system
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| Production of offspring and aging, consists of internal and external sex organs, penis, vagina, testes, ovaries | Reproductive System
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| Physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy. | Metabolism
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| Breakdown of complex into simple. Ex: potato chips into starch, sugar | Catabolism
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| Building of simple nutrients into compound energy-ATP | Anabolism
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| Adenosine Triphosphate | ATP
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| State of equilibrium or balance | Homeostaisis
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| Receives information regarding conditions or situations. | Receptors
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| Monitors and input and sets the normal ranges. Ex: body temp | Control center
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| Responds to information to help maintain homeostaisis | Effectors
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| The net effect of the response to the stimulus shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Ex: sugar high, over production of insulin | Negative Feedback
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| Controls infrequent events that ocur explosively and does not require continuous adjustments. Ex: puncture wounds and childbirth. | Positive Feedback
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| 2 main body cavities | Dorsal and Ventral
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| Consists of cranial and spinal cavities | Dorsal cavity
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| Consists of Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities | Ventral cavity
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| Consists of Oral, Nasal, Orbital and Middle ear cavities | Cranial cavity
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| Contains vertebral column | Spinal cavity
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| Consists of mouth | Oral cavity
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| Consists of paired, inside nose and associated sinuses | Nasal cavity
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| Consists of paired, eyes, associated nerves and muscles | Orbital cavity
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| Consists of paired, containing the bones, nerves and membranes. | Middle ear cavity
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| Separates the lungs into left and right regions | Mediastinum
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| Consists of mediastinum | Thoracic cavity
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| Consists of abdominal and pelvic regions | Abdominopelvic cavity
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| Consists of stomach, liver and intestines | Abdominal cavity
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| Consists of reproductive organs | Pelvic cavity
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| Toward head | Superior
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| toward tail, away from head | Inferior
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| Ventral | Anterior
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| Back | Posterior
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| Midline | Medial
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| Away from midline | Lateral
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| Between medial and later structure | Intermediate
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| Close to origin, point of attachment of the body | Proximal
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| Away from the origin, point of attachment of the body | Distal
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| External, toward body surface | Superficial
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| Internal, away from the body surface | Deep
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| Longitudinal section dividing the body into unequal left and right sides | Sagittal Plane
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| Longitudinal section dividing the body into equal left and right sides | Mid-sagittal Plane
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| Divides the body into anterior and posterior | Frontal Plane
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| Section parallel to the floor dividing the body into superior and inferior | Transverse Plane
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| Around bellybutton | Umbilical
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| Above stomach | Epigastric
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| Below Stomach | Hypogastric
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| Lateral region of hypogastric | Right and Left Inguinal
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| Lateral to umbilical | Right and Left Lumbar
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| Lateral to Epigastric | Right and Left Hypochrondiac
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| Trunk, inferior to ribs | Abdominal
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| Point of shoulder | Acromial
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| Anterior surface of elbow | Antecubital
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| Armpit | Axillary
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| Arm | Brachial
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| Facial cheek | Buccal
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| Wrist | Carpal
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| Fingers or toes | Digital
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| Thigh | Femoral
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| Lateral part of leg | Fibular
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| Lateral area where the trunk meets leg | Inguinal
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| Nose | Nasal
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| Mouth | Oral
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| Eye | Orbital
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| Neck- anterior and posterior | Cervical
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| Hip | Coxal
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| Leg | Crural
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| Anterior surface of knee | Patellar
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| Lower abdomen | Pelvic
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| Breastbone | Sternal
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| Ankle | Tarsal
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| Chest | Thoracic
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| Heel of foot | Calcaneal
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| Head | Cephalic
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| Superior curve of shoulder | Deltoid
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| Buttock | Gluteal
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| Lower back between ribs and hips | Lumbar
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| Back of head | Occiptal
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| Posterior surface of elbow | Olecranal
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| Posterior surface of knee | Popliteal
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| Area between hips | Sacral
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| Shoulder blades | Scapular
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| Calf | Sural
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| Spine | Vertebral
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| Sole of foot | Plantar
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| A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or as a connection between 2 structures | Membranes
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| Surface is made of epithelium | Epithelium Membranes
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| Lines the body cavities | Serous membranes
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| Attached to the body wall, lines thoracic cavity | Parietal membranes
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| On the surface of the organs, intimate covering of the lungs | Visceral membranes
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| Area holding the lungs | Pleurae membranes
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| Sac that holds the heart divided into | Serous pericardium
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| Lying on heart surface. (Epicardium) | Visceral pericardium
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| Containing pericardial fluid which functions to reduce friction during beating | Pericardial cavity
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| Outer layer lying just below the fibrous pericardium | Parietal pericardium
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| Outer most layer of the sac (serous pericardium) | Fibrous pericardium
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| Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers the organs; supports and protects the structures within the abdomen. | Peritoneum
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| Lines tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body | Mucous
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| Skin | Cutaneous
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| Lines the joint cavities and small cushions near the joints (bursae) | Synovial membranes
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| Small cushions near the joints | Bursae
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| Covers parts of nervous tissue | Meninges
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| Dense, regular, connective tissue- bands that wrap around muscle | Fascia
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| Insulates the body and protects the skin, located beneath the skin | Superficial Fascia
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| Covers, separates and protects skeletal muscle | Deep Fascia
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| Associated with various organs | Peri
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| Next to the heart | Pericardium
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| Next to the bone | Periosteum
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| Next to the cartilage | Perichondrium
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