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NAU A&P, 1&2
NAU Intro to Anatomy and Physiology, Chemical Basis of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Simplest substance, cannot be decomposed or resolved by chemical changes into simpler substances. Basic substance out of which all matter is composed. | Elements |
| 2 or more atoms combine of the same kind | Molecule |
| 2 or more atoms combine of a different kind | Compound |
| Instrumental in bond formation | Role of Electrons |
| Formed between oppositely charged particles, if separated the result can be an Electrolyte | Ionic Bonds |
| Molecules in which electrons are shared instead of gained or lost. | Covalent Bonds |
| Weak bonds formed between water molecules and intramolecular bonds. Gives a 3-dimensional shape | Hydrogen bonds |
| The starting materials in a chemical reaction | Reactants |
| The finished compound in a chemical reaction | Products |
| Actual Reaction in a chemical reaction | Synthesis |
| When 2 or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule. Amino acids binding together into proteins | Synthesis Reactions |
| When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions. Ex. Glycogen into individual glucose molecules. | Decomposition Reactions |
| When both synthesis and decomposition reactions are involved as ATP reacts with glucose to become trapped in a cell | Exchange Reactions |
| Can donate a hydrogen ion into a solution | Acid |
| Can accept hydrogen ions from a solution | Base |
| Is a balanced combination of an acid with a base | Salt |
| Monitors the acidity and the alkalinity of a solution based on how many ions have been released into the solution. | PH scale |
| Resist PH change and help prevent such changes, bicarbonate | Buffers |
| A chemical element almost identical except for its number of neutrons in it's nucleus. | Isotope |
| Compounds that do not have carbon and usually dissociates in water forming ions. | Inorganic Substances |
| Universal solvent, can dissolve many substances in large amounts | Water |
| Water | Hydro |
| Water loving | Hydrophyllic |
| Water fearing | Hydrophobic |
| Consists of 2 or more compounds combined but are not chemically bound. | Mixture |
| Homogeneus mixture where the molecule are evenly distributed and will not separate upon standing. | Solution |
| The dissolving substance | Solvent |
| The substance which is being dissolved. Ex- sugar glucose. | Solute |
| Heterogeneous mixture where the particles will separate out upon standing. Ex- Salad dressing | Suspension |
| Used by organelles to release energy from nutrient molecules to drive the cell's metabolic activities | Oxygen |
| Heterogeneous mixture where the particles remain suspended, but DOES NOT separate upon standing. Ex- Jell-O | Colloid |
| Contain ions that are essential for metabolism, maintaining proper water concentrations, pH, blood clotting, bone development, energy transfer within cells and muscle and nerve functions. | Inorganic Salts |
| Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins, contains carbons | Organic Substances |
| Main energy source composed of basic units that are simple sugars. Ex: Monosaccharides, disaccharides (table sugar) | Carbohydrates |
| Chemically diverse group consisting of fats, steriods, vitamins A, D, E and K, all which are fairly insoluable in water. Ex: cholesterol | Lipids |
| Used to make bile salts that help digest lipids. | Cholesterol |
| Are essential for maintaining cell membranes and organelles, synthesis of enzymes, cell division and other processes. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, which form building blocks | Protein |
| Directs the cell's activities, consists of Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytocine (C), Thymine (T). | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Located almost entirely in the cytoplasm, Copy of the DNA. | Ribonucleic Acid |
| Cutting up. A study of structures. | Anatomy |
| Relationship to nature. Study of functions | Physiology |
| Electrons, protons and neutrons | Subatomic Particles |
| Combination of subatomic particles | Atom |
| A binding together of multiple atoms. Ex: water | Molecule |
| A binding together of multiple molecules | Macromolecule |
| Structure within a cell that carry a specific activity for the cell to function. | Organelle |
| Basic functional unit of any living organism. Ex: Thread | Cell |
| Group of cells. Ex: material | Tissue |
| Groups of tissues with the same purpose. Ex: sleeve, collar, cuff. | Organs |
| Groups of organs all functioning for the same purpose. Ex: Shirt, skirt. | Organ systems |
| Living species | Organism |
| Protection, consists of skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands. | Integumentary System |
| Supports and protect, consists of 206 bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints | Skeletal System |
| Formation of blood cells | Hematopoiesis |
| Movement, protection, form, consists of skeltal, cardiac and smooth | Muscular system |
| Central and peripheral, consists of brain, spinal cord and everything else with brain | Nervous system |
| Hormone production, located in various areas of the body | Endocrine system |
| Moves nutrients and gases into and out of the tissues, consists of heart and vessels | Cardiovascular system |
| Immunity, protection and absorption of digested fats; located in various areas of the body. | Lymphatic system |
| Gas movement in adn out of the tissues, consists of lungs and passageways | Respiratory system |
| Absorption of nutrients; consists of everything of mouth to anus | Digestive system |
| Reduction of waste and excess water; consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. | Urinary system |
| Production of offspring and aging, consists of internal and external sex organs, penis, vagina, testes, ovaries | Reproductive System |
| Physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy. | Metabolism |
| Breakdown of complex into simple. Ex: potato chips into starch, sugar | Catabolism |
| Building of simple nutrients into compound energy-ATP | Anabolism |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | ATP |
| State of equilibrium or balance | Homeostaisis |
| Receives information regarding conditions or situations. | Receptors |
| Monitors and input and sets the normal ranges. Ex: body temp | Control center |
| Responds to information to help maintain homeostaisis | Effectors |
| The net effect of the response to the stimulus shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Ex: sugar high, over production of insulin | Negative Feedback |
| Controls infrequent events that ocur explosively and does not require continuous adjustments. Ex: puncture wounds and childbirth. | Positive Feedback |
| 2 main body cavities | Dorsal and Ventral |
| Consists of cranial and spinal cavities | Dorsal cavity |
| Consists of Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities | Ventral cavity |
| Consists of Oral, Nasal, Orbital and Middle ear cavities | Cranial cavity |
| Contains vertebral column | Spinal cavity |
| Consists of mouth | Oral cavity |
| Consists of paired, inside nose and associated sinuses | Nasal cavity |
| Consists of paired, eyes, associated nerves and muscles | Orbital cavity |
| Consists of paired, containing the bones, nerves and membranes. | Middle ear cavity |
| Separates the lungs into left and right regions | Mediastinum |
| Consists of mediastinum | Thoracic cavity |
| Consists of abdominal and pelvic regions | Abdominopelvic cavity |
| Consists of stomach, liver and intestines | Abdominal cavity |
| Consists of reproductive organs | Pelvic cavity |
| Toward head | Superior |
| toward tail, away from head | Inferior |
| Ventral | Anterior |
| Back | Posterior |
| Midline | Medial |
| Away from midline | Lateral |
| Between medial and later structure | Intermediate |
| Close to origin, point of attachment of the body | Proximal |
| Away from the origin, point of attachment of the body | Distal |
| External, toward body surface | Superficial |
| Internal, away from the body surface | Deep |
| Longitudinal section dividing the body into unequal left and right sides | Sagittal Plane |
| Longitudinal section dividing the body into equal left and right sides | Mid-sagittal Plane |
| Divides the body into anterior and posterior | Frontal Plane |
| Section parallel to the floor dividing the body into superior and inferior | Transverse Plane |
| Around bellybutton | Umbilical |
| Above stomach | Epigastric |
| Below Stomach | Hypogastric |
| Lateral region of hypogastric | Right and Left Inguinal |
| Lateral to umbilical | Right and Left Lumbar |
| Lateral to Epigastric | Right and Left Hypochrondiac |
| Trunk, inferior to ribs | Abdominal |
| Point of shoulder | Acromial |
| Anterior surface of elbow | Antecubital |
| Armpit | Axillary |
| Arm | Brachial |
| Facial cheek | Buccal |
| Wrist | Carpal |
| Fingers or toes | Digital |
| Thigh | Femoral |
| Lateral part of leg | Fibular |
| Lateral area where the trunk meets leg | Inguinal |
| Nose | Nasal |
| Mouth | Oral |
| Eye | Orbital |
| Neck- anterior and posterior | Cervical |
| Hip | Coxal |
| Leg | Crural |
| Anterior surface of knee | Patellar |
| Lower abdomen | Pelvic |
| Breastbone | Sternal |
| Ankle | Tarsal |
| Chest | Thoracic |
| Heel of foot | Calcaneal |
| Head | Cephalic |
| Superior curve of shoulder | Deltoid |
| Buttock | Gluteal |
| Lower back between ribs and hips | Lumbar |
| Back of head | Occiptal |
| Posterior surface of elbow | Olecranal |
| Posterior surface of knee | Popliteal |
| Area between hips | Sacral |
| Shoulder blades | Scapular |
| Calf | Sural |
| Spine | Vertebral |
| Sole of foot | Plantar |
| A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or as a connection between 2 structures | Membranes |
| Surface is made of epithelium | Epithelium Membranes |
| Lines the body cavities | Serous membranes |
| Attached to the body wall, lines thoracic cavity | Parietal membranes |
| On the surface of the organs, intimate covering of the lungs | Visceral membranes |
| Area holding the lungs | Pleurae membranes |
| Sac that holds the heart divided into | Serous pericardium |
| Lying on heart surface. (Epicardium) | Visceral pericardium |
| Containing pericardial fluid which functions to reduce friction during beating | Pericardial cavity |
| Outer layer lying just below the fibrous pericardium | Parietal pericardium |
| Outer most layer of the sac (serous pericardium) | Fibrous pericardium |
| Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers the organs; supports and protects the structures within the abdomen. | Peritoneum |
| Lines tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body | Mucous |
| Skin | Cutaneous |
| Lines the joint cavities and small cushions near the joints (bursae) | Synovial membranes |
| Small cushions near the joints | Bursae |
| Covers parts of nervous tissue | Meninges |
| Dense, regular, connective tissue- bands that wrap around muscle | Fascia |
| Insulates the body and protects the skin, located beneath the skin | Superficial Fascia |
| Covers, separates and protects skeletal muscle | Deep Fascia |
| Associated with various organs | Peri |
| Next to the heart | Pericardium |
| Next to the bone | Periosteum |
| Next to the cartilage | Perichondrium |
Created by:
FKrouse
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