Skeletal System
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| Human Skeleton | Consists of 206 bones
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| Diaphysis | Main shaft like portion of a long bone, compact bone
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| Epiphysis | Located at each end of a long bone
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| Epiphyseal line | Layer of cartilage, separates diaphysis from epiphysis, allows bone to grow lengthwise
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| Periosteum | Fibrous membrane, covers the surface of the long bone
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| Articular cartilage | Covers joint surfaces
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| Medullary (marrow) cavity | Contains yellow marrow
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| Spongy bone | Also called cancellous bone, needlelike trabeculae give added strangth to bone
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| Red Bone Marrow | Site for blood cell production
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| Yellow Marrow | Stores fat, Not an active site for blood cell formation in the adult
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| Bone formation | Begins at birth, Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue as skeleton develops
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| Osteoblasts | Actively produce bone tissue
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| Osteoclasts | Digest bone tissue
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells, Maintain bone without producing new bone tissue
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| Ossification | Process of bone formation, Conversion of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage into bone or bony substance
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| Sinus | Opening or hollow space in bone
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| Fossa | Hollow or shallow concave depression in bone
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| Concave areas or openings in a bone | Helps form joints, serve as points of attachment for muscle
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| Sulcus | Groove or depression in a bone (ex:fissure)
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| Foramen | Hole within a bone for blood vessels or nerves to pass through
(ex. foramen magnum of the skull)
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| Cranium=Bony skull | Envelops brain, Composed of eight bones (immovable bones),
Borders meet to form immovable joints (immovable joints = sutures)
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| Facial bones | Two bones provide distinctive shape to face
-maxillae
-mandible
All facial bones connected by immovable joints (sutures) one exception (mandible)
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| Maxillae | upper jaw bones
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| Mandible | lower jaw bones
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| Vertebral bones | Form long axis of the body, referred to as "spinal column" or "backbone"
-24 vertebrae+sacrum+coccyx
-Offer protection to spinal cord
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| Cervical Vertabrae | Vertebrae of the neck (cervic/o=neck), Identified as C1-C7
Only C1 and C2 have names
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| C1 | Known as atlas
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| C2 | Known as axis
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | Vertebrae of the chest (thorac/o=chest)
Identified as T1-T12
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| Lumbar Vertebrae | Vertebrae of the lower back (lumb/o=lower back)
Identified as L1-L5
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| Sacrum | Singular, triangular shaped bone, resulted from fusion of five individual coccygeal bones in the child
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| Coccyx | "Tailbone", Resulted from fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child
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| True ribs(pairs 1-7) | Attach to sternum in front and vertebrae in back
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| False ribs(pairs- 8-10) | Attach to vertebrae in back but attach to cartilage of 7th rib in front - not the sternum
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| Floating ribs(pairs 11-12) | Attach to vertebrae in back, Completely free of attachment in front
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| Sternum | Breastbone 3 parts: Manubrium. Body, Xiphoid process
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| Clavicle | Collarbone, connects laterally to scapula and anteriorly to sternum
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| Scapula | Shoulder blade, acromion connects with clavicle (forms shoulder)
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| Humerus | Lone bone in upper arm
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| Radius | Lower arm bone, on thumb side of wrist
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| Ulna | Lower arm bone, on the little finger side of wrist
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| Carpals | bones of wrist
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| Metacarpals | Bones of hand
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| Phalanges | Bones of the finger, each finger has 3 phalangeal bones, the thumb has only 2
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| Ilium | Largest of the three hip bones, Upper flared portion
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| Iliac crest | Upper curved edge of ilium, flat bone, good source for red bone marrow
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| Ischium | Lowest part of hip bones, Strongest of pelvic bones
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| Symphysis pubis | Cartilaginous joint at connection of the two pubic bones
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| Acetabulum | Formed by segments of Ilium, Ischium, and pubis
-Connecting point for the femur and the hip
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| Femur | Thigh bone, Heaviest bone in the body
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| Patella | Kneecap
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| Ankle bones | Tarsals
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| Calcaneus | heel bone
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| Foot bones | Metatarsals
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| Tibia | Shin bone, Larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones
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| Fibula | More slender of the two lower leg bones
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