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Chapter 6
Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human Skeleton | Consists of 206 bones |
| Diaphysis | Main shaft like portion of a long bone, compact bone |
| Epiphysis | Located at each end of a long bone |
| Epiphyseal line | Layer of cartilage, separates diaphysis from epiphysis, allows bone to grow lengthwise |
| Periosteum | Fibrous membrane, covers the surface of the long bone |
| Articular cartilage | Covers joint surfaces |
| Medullary (marrow) cavity | Contains yellow marrow |
| Spongy bone | Also called cancellous bone, needlelike trabeculae give added strangth to bone |
| Red Bone Marrow | Site for blood cell production |
| Yellow Marrow | Stores fat, Not an active site for blood cell formation in the adult |
| Bone formation | Begins at birth, Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue as skeleton develops |
| Osteoblasts | Actively produce bone tissue |
| Osteoclasts | Digest bone tissue |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells, Maintain bone without producing new bone tissue |
| Ossification | Process of bone formation, Conversion of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage into bone or bony substance |
| Sinus | Opening or hollow space in bone |
| Fossa | Hollow or shallow concave depression in bone |
| Concave areas or openings in a bone | Helps form joints, serve as points of attachment for muscle |
| Sulcus | Groove or depression in a bone (ex:fissure) |
| Foramen | Hole within a bone for blood vessels or nerves to pass through (ex. foramen magnum of the skull) |
| Cranium=Bony skull | Envelops brain, Composed of eight bones (immovable bones), Borders meet to form immovable joints (immovable joints = sutures) |
| Facial bones | Two bones provide distinctive shape to face -maxillae -mandible All facial bones connected by immovable joints (sutures) one exception (mandible) |
| Maxillae | upper jaw bones |
| Mandible | lower jaw bones |
| Vertebral bones | Form long axis of the body, referred to as "spinal column" or "backbone" -24 vertebrae+sacrum+coccyx -Offer protection to spinal cord |
| Cervical Vertabrae | Vertebrae of the neck (cervic/o=neck), Identified as C1-C7 Only C1 and C2 have names |
| C1 | Known as atlas |
| C2 | Known as axis |
| Thoracic Vertebrae | Vertebrae of the chest (thorac/o=chest) Identified as T1-T12 |
| Lumbar Vertebrae | Vertebrae of the lower back (lumb/o=lower back) Identified as L1-L5 |
| Sacrum | Singular, triangular shaped bone, resulted from fusion of five individual coccygeal bones in the child |
| Coccyx | "Tailbone", Resulted from fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child |
| True ribs(pairs 1-7) | Attach to sternum in front and vertebrae in back |
| False ribs(pairs- 8-10) | Attach to vertebrae in back but attach to cartilage of 7th rib in front - not the sternum |
| Floating ribs(pairs 11-12) | Attach to vertebrae in back, Completely free of attachment in front |
| Sternum | Breastbone 3 parts: Manubrium. Body, Xiphoid process |
| Clavicle | Collarbone, connects laterally to scapula and anteriorly to sternum |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade, acromion connects with clavicle (forms shoulder) |
| Humerus | Lone bone in upper arm |
| Radius | Lower arm bone, on thumb side of wrist |
| Ulna | Lower arm bone, on the little finger side of wrist |
| Carpals | bones of wrist |
| Metacarpals | Bones of hand |
| Phalanges | Bones of the finger, each finger has 3 phalangeal bones, the thumb has only 2 |
| Ilium | Largest of the three hip bones, Upper flared portion |
| Iliac crest | Upper curved edge of ilium, flat bone, good source for red bone marrow |
| Ischium | Lowest part of hip bones, Strongest of pelvic bones |
| Symphysis pubis | Cartilaginous joint at connection of the two pubic bones |
| Acetabulum | Formed by segments of Ilium, Ischium, and pubis -Connecting point for the femur and the hip |
| Femur | Thigh bone, Heaviest bone in the body |
| Patella | Kneecap |
| Ankle bones | Tarsals |
| Calcaneus | heel bone |
| Foot bones | Metatarsals |
| Tibia | Shin bone, Larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones |
| Fibula | More slender of the two lower leg bones |
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Evyloveslife
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