CNS appendix A terms
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| Chordata | Phylum in which man is classified
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| Vertebrata | Subphylum in which man is classified
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| Mammalia | Class in which man is classified
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| Primate | Order in which man is classified
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| Homo Sapiens | Proper way to write the genus and species of man
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| Adenohypophysis | The anterior and intermediate portions of the pituitary gland
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| Neurohypophysis | The posterior pituitary or "pars nervosa"
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| Hypophysis Cerebri | Pineal gland (entire structure)
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| Epiphysis Cerebri | Pineal gland (body)
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| Embryo | The name given the developing human prior to the end of the second month of gestation
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| Foetus (fetus) | name applied to the developing human after the second month of gestation
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| Neonate | The newborn infant
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| Dentate | Notched or toothlike
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| Arcuate | Arranged like an arch
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| Striae (striatal) | A groove or streak-like formation
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| Rectus | Meaning "straight"
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| Reticular | Net-like
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| Fissure | a relatively deep groove (infolding)
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| Sulcus | a relatively shallow groove (infolding)
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| Gyrus | Tortuous convolution. Usually found between sulci and/or fissures of the cerebrum
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| Folia | Small page-like gyri of the cerebellum
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| Nuclei | As used in neurology, a cluster or group of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS
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| Ganglia | A cluster or group of neuron cell bodies within the PNS (a few exceptions exist in the PNS)
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| Neuron | a nerve cell
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| Perikaryon | Used synonymously with the cell body (soma) of the neuron
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| Axon | a process of a neuron which carries a charge or impulse toward the cell body
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| Fiber | A dominately long process (dendrite or axon) of a neuron which can be called a "fiber". Also designated as a "nerve fiber" or a "neuron fiber".
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| Nerve | Whitish colored PNS structures filled with neuron fibers which innervate the body's parts.
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| Ramus | Literally meaning a "branch". The major branches off of the spinal nerve trunks are called the white ramus, gray ramus, dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, etc.
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| Axolemma | name applied to the outer plasma membrane (plasmalemma) of an axon.
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| Neurilemma | A covering around a neuron fiber created by a surrounding cell (it may not be myelinated).
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| Vertebral Canal (Neural Canal) | Passageway created by the continuous nature of the vertebral foramina.
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| Central Canal | A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata.
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| Aqueduct | Passageway, e.g. - Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
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| Leptomeninx | Thin membrane. Collective term for the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
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| Pachymeninx | Thick membrane. Used synonymously with the dura mater.
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| Somesthetic | To sense the body
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| Modality | A specific sensory entity, such as gustatory (taste), olfaction (smell), pain, etc.
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| Proprioception | The modality of subconscious awareness of body position and muscle movement.
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| Kinesthesia | The modality of conscious awareness of body position and muscle movement.
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| Adrenergic | The releasing of adrenalin-like (norepinephrine included) molecules at a target site.
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| Cholinergic | The releasing of choline-like (acetylcholine) molecules at a target site.
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| Chiasma | A crossing - usually relating to the crossing of optic fibers (e.g. - optic chiasma)
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| Decussation | A crossing - used more liberally to indicate crossing of fibers and tracts in the CNSossing -
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| Contralateral | To the opposite side
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| Ipsilateral | On the same side
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| Anterograde | Going forward. Refers to going away from the neuron cell body.
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| Retrograde | Going backward. Refers to going back toward the cell body.
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| Fugal | Traveling away from. Ex.- pallidalfugal (away from the pallidal nuclei)
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| Lesion | Any type of injury, damage, or "hurt"
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| Myelopathy | Lesion of the spinal cord (rarely used for entire CNS)
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| Necrosis | Death of cells or tissue
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| Neoplasm (tumor) | Any new abnormal growth
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| Malignant | Spreading life threatening neoplasm
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| Metastatic | Transferring to other tissue
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| Idiopathic | Generally used to mean something of an unknown cause
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| Ischemia | To suppress blood supply to an area. Results in abnormal function and may lead to necrosis.
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| Hematoma | An accumulation of blood outside of the blood vessels (e.g. - subdural hematoma)
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| Aneurysm | An abnormal dilation of a blood vessel wall and its lumen (forms a blood containing sac)
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| Stroke | Blood vascular loss in the CNS leading to permanent or prolonged brain damage (cerbrovascular accident)
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| Angiography | X-ray of blood vessels injected with radiopaque dyes.
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| Myelography | X-ray of vertebral canal and spinal cord structures folowing injection of radiopaque dyes into the CSF.
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| Ataxia | General term for irregularity in skeletal muscle coordination.
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| Paralysis | Total or partial loss of normal motor function.
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| Aphasia | Inability to communicate by speech, writing, or signs.
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| Dysphasia | A partial or unusual loss of communicative ability.
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| Archi- | Prefix meaning "beginning" or "original"
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| Paleo- | Prefix meaning "old". Similar to but not used interchangeably with Archi- in the CNS.
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| Neo- | Prefix meaning "new". Usually in contrast to archi- or paleo-.
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| Cauda Equina | Horse's Tail
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| Cephalgia | Headache (also spelled cephalalgia)
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| Cornu | Horn-like projection (cornua is plural)
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| Crus | Leg or Leg-like
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| Cytoarchitecture | The pattern of cell arrangements
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| Falx | Sickle-shaped (falces is plural)
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| Fenestrae | Window-like
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| Foramen | Opening (such as Foramen Magnum)
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| Glial | Literally - "glue like". Several CNS cell types are included as glial cells.
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| Micron | A metric system unit of length meaning "small" (synonymous with micrometer).
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| Operculum | "Lid" or "covering"
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| Pallium | To "cloak". Used synonymously with "cortex". (e.g.- Cerebral cortex is the same as cerebral pallium)
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| Pons | Bridge. Located between the M.O. and the midbrain.
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| BBB | Blood Brain Barrier
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| CSF | Cerebrospinal Fluid
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| CVA | Cerebrovascular Accident
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| TIA | Transient Ischemic Attack (often precedes the CVA)
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| DRG | Dorsal Root Ganglia
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| IVF | Intervertebral Foramen (opening through which the spinal nerve emerges from the vertebral canal).
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| EEG | Electroencephalogram (graph). Record and instrument used to pick up brain waves.
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| CAT | Computerized Axial Topography
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| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (utilizes large magnets which rearrange hydrogen molecules)
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| PET | Positron Emission Tomography (device using radioactively labeled compunds for functional analysis)
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| M.O. | Medulla Oblongata
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| M.S. | Multiple Sclerosis
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| ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrigh's Disease)
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| GABA | Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (an amino acid which is a common inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter)
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| ACH | Acetylcholine (first neurotransmitter identified - widespread in CNS and PNS)
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