Ch. 6: Muscles
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| Muscle Cells | Muscle Fibers
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| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds the skeletal muscle
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium
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| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi
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| Endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber
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| Myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| Sarcomeres | highly ordered units formed by actin and myosin myofilaments
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| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membranes
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| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber
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| Synaptic vesicles | found in each presynaptic terminal
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| Sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myolfilaments during contraction
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| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| threshold | point in which a muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes
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| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria
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| creatine phosphate | high-energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| Oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isometric | length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases
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| isotonic | the amount of tension is constant, but the length of the muscle changes
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| Holding a ball | isometric
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| Throwing a ball | isotonic
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| white meat of chicken breast | fast-twitch
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| dark meat of chicken legs | slow-twitch
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| origin | most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | the muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| How are muscles named? | location, size, shape
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Kissing muscles | Orbicularis oris and Buccinator
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| mastication | chewing
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| how many pairs of mastication muscles | 4
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| What are the tongue muscles | Intrinsic and Extrinsic
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| Intrinsic | changes the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic | moves the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastiod | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| Platysma | sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| Thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| Most involved in breathing? | External and internal intercostals
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| linea alba | consist of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| rectus abdomis | on each side of the linea alba
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| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations
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