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Ch. 6: Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscle Cells | Muscle Fibers |
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds the skeletal muscle |
| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi |
| Endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber |
| Myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments |
| Sarcomeres | highly ordered units formed by actin and myosin myofilaments |
| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membranes |
| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber |
| Synaptic vesicles | found in each presynaptic terminal |
| Sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myolfilaments during contraction |
| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| threshold | point in which a muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction phase | the time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria |
| creatine phosphate | high-energy molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| Oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| isometric | length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases |
| isotonic | the amount of tension is constant, but the length of the muscle changes |
| Holding a ball | isometric |
| Throwing a ball | isotonic |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| white meat of chicken breast | fast-twitch |
| dark meat of chicken legs | slow-twitch |
| origin | most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | the muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| How are muscles named? | location, size, shape |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Kissing muscles | Orbicularis oris and Buccinator |
| mastication | chewing |
| how many pairs of mastication muscles | 4 |
| What are the tongue muscles | Intrinsic and Extrinsic |
| Intrinsic | changes the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic | moves the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastiod | lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| Platysma | sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| Thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| Most involved in breathing? | External and internal intercostals |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| linea alba | consist of white connective tissue rather than muscle |
| rectus abdomis | on each side of the linea alba |
| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations |
Created by:
tscott2203
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