Chapter 6: Muscles
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| ability of a skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility
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| capacity of a skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| ability to be stretched | extensibility
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| connective tissue sheath; surrounds skeletal muscle | epimysium
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| connective tissue outside the epimysium; surrounds and separates muscles | fascia
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| numerous bundles that make up a muscle | muscle fasiculi
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| surrounds fasiculi | perimysium
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| muscle cells are also called? | muscle fibers
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| connective tissue sheath; surrounds fibers | endomysium
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| threadlike structure; extends from one end of a fiber to the other | myofibrils
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| thin myofilaments | actin myofilaments
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| thick myofilaments | myosin myofilaments
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| joined end to end to form myofibril; extend from one Z line to another | sarcomeres
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| charge difference across a membrane | resting membrane potential
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| brief reversal back of a charge | action potential
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| neuromuscular junction | synapse
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| single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit
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| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal
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| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft
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| synaptic vesicles secrete what? | acetylcholine
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| enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine | acetylcholinesterase
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| sliding filament mechanism | the H and I bands shorten, but the A bands don't change in length
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| point where a muscle fiber will contract maximally | threshold
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| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase
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| time of contraction | contraction phase
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| when the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP
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| What can ATP degenerate to? | ADP
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| high-energy molecule that can be held by muscle cells | creatine phosphate
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose; can be caused by increased respiration | oxygen debt
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| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue
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| equal distance; length of muscle does not change, amount of tension increases; ex-holding a ball | isometric
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| equal tension, amount of tension remains the same, length of muscle does change; ex-throwing a ball | isotonic
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| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone
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| contract and fatigue quicly; ex-white meat of a chicken's breast | fast-twitch fibers
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| contract more slowly and more resistant to fatigue; ex-dark meat of a duck's breast or the legs of a chicken | slow-twitch fibers
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| most stationary end of a muscle | origin
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| end of muscle undergoing greatest movement | insertion
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| between origin and insertion | the belly
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| muscle that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists
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| one muscle that plays the major roll in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover
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| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis
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| closes the eyelids; causes "crow's feet" | orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris
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| flattens the cheeks | buccinator
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| smiling muscle | zygomaticus
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| sneering | levator labii superioris
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| frowning | depressor anguli oris
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| chewing | mastication
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| types of tongue muscles | intrinsic and extrinsic
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| change shape of the tongue | intrinsic
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| move the tongue | extrensic
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| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | sternocleidomastoid
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| group of muscles on each side of the back; keep back straight and the body erect | erector spinae
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| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals
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| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals
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| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm
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| tendinous area of abdominal wall; consists of white connective tissue | linea alba
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| found on each side of the linea alba | rectus abdominis muscle
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| cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations; make abdominal wall of well-muscled people to appear segmented | tendinous inscriptions
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| how can muscles be named? | location, size, shape, orientation of fibers, origin, insertion, function, etc
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| rotates scapula | trapezius
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| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior
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| the arm is attached to the thorax by? | the pectoralis major and latissimuss dorsi muscles
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| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major
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| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm | latissimus dorsi
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| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle; major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid
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| extends the forearm | triceps brachii
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| flexes the forearm; also occupies the anterior compartment of the arm | biceps brachii
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| flexes forearm | brachialis
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| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachoiradislis
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| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi
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| extends the wrist | extensor carpi
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| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum
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| extends the fingers | extensor digitorum
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| muscles located within the hand | intrinsic hand muscles
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| muscles located between the metacarpals | interossi muscles
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| the buttocks | gluteus maximus
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| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | quadriceps femoris
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| flexes the thigh "tailors muscle" | sartorius
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| posterior thigh muscles; flexes leg and extends thigh | hamstring muscles
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| form the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus
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| flex the foot and toes | calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)
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| lateral muscles of the leg | peroneus muscles
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| muscles within the foot; flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes | intrinsic foot muscles
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