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Chapter 6: Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ability of a skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| capacity of a skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| connective tissue sheath; surrounds skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| connective tissue outside the epimysium; surrounds and separates muscles | fascia |
| numerous bundles that make up a muscle | muscle fasiculi |
| surrounds fasiculi | perimysium |
| muscle cells are also called? | muscle fibers |
| connective tissue sheath; surrounds fibers | endomysium |
| threadlike structure; extends from one end of a fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| thin myofilaments | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments | myosin myofilaments |
| joined end to end to form myofibril; extend from one Z line to another | sarcomeres |
| charge difference across a membrane | resting membrane potential |
| brief reversal back of a charge | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| neuromuscular junction | synapse |
| single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| synaptic vesicles secrete what? | acetylcholine |
| enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine | acetylcholinesterase |
| sliding filament mechanism | the H and I bands shorten, but the A bands don't change in length |
| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| point where a muscle fiber will contract maximally | threshold |
| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| time of contraction | contraction phase |
| when the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| What can ATP degenerate to? | ADP |
| high-energy molecule that can be held by muscle cells | creatine phosphate |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose; can be caused by increased respiration | oxygen debt |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| equal distance; length of muscle does not change, amount of tension increases; ex-holding a ball | isometric |
| equal tension, amount of tension remains the same, length of muscle does change; ex-throwing a ball | isotonic |
| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| contract and fatigue quicly; ex-white meat of a chicken's breast | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and more resistant to fatigue; ex-dark meat of a duck's breast or the legs of a chicken | slow-twitch fibers |
| most stationary end of a muscle | origin |
| end of muscle undergoing greatest movement | insertion |
| between origin and insertion | the belly |
| muscle that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
| one muscle that plays the major roll in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover |
| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids; causes "crow's feet" | orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superioris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| chewing | mastication |
| types of tongue muscles | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| change shape of the tongue | intrinsic |
| move the tongue | extrensic |
| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | sternocleidomastoid |
| group of muscles on each side of the back; keep back straight and the body erect | erector spinae |
| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals |
| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm |
| tendinous area of abdominal wall; consists of white connective tissue | linea alba |
| found on each side of the linea alba | rectus abdominis muscle |
| cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations; make abdominal wall of well-muscled people to appear segmented | tendinous inscriptions |
| how can muscles be named? | location, size, shape, orientation of fibers, origin, insertion, function, etc |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
| the arm is attached to the thorax by? | the pectoralis major and latissimuss dorsi muscles |
| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm | latissimus dorsi |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle; major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid |
| extends the forearm | triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm; also occupies the anterior compartment of the arm | biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachoiradislis |
| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum |
| extends the fingers | extensor digitorum |
| muscles located within the hand | intrinsic hand muscles |
| muscles located between the metacarpals | interossi muscles |
| the buttocks | gluteus maximus |
| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | quadriceps femoris |
| flexes the thigh "tailors muscle" | sartorius |
| posterior thigh muscles; flexes leg and extends thigh | hamstring muscles |
| form the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus |
| flex the foot and toes | calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon) |
| lateral muscles of the leg | peroneus muscles |
| muscles within the foot; flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes | intrinsic foot muscles |
Created by:
allipw98
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