Chapter 6 Muscles
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| Excitability | muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original shape
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| Contractility | muscle to shorten with force
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| Epimysium | skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium
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| Endomysium | each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| Myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Actin Myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| Myosin Myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| Sarcomeres | joined end to end to form the myofibril
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| A Band | extends the length of the myosin
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| Resting Membrane Potential | the charge difference across the membrane
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| Action Potential | the brief reversal back of the charge
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| Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to the skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromusclular Junction | Forms each branch that connects to the muscle
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| Synapse | near the center of the cell
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| Motor Unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers
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| Presynaptic Terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Postsynaptic Terminal | the muscle fiber
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| Synaptic Vesicles | presynaptic terminal contains
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| Acetylcholine | secretes a neurootransmitter
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| Sliding Filament Mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contgraction
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| Thresold | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level
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| All-or-None Response | A phenomenon
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| Lag Phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and beginning of a contraction
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| Contraction Phase | the time of contraction
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| Relaxation Phase | The time during which the muscle relaxes
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| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated
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| Creatine Phosphate | high-energy molecule
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| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen
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| Aerobic Respiration | with oxygen
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| Oxygen Debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| Muscle Fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| Isometric | equal distance
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| Isotonic | equal tension
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| Muscle Tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| Origin | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| Insertion | is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| Belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| Prime Mover | one muscle playing the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crow feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | flattens the cheek
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic Tongue Muscle | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| Erector spinaae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| Thoracic Muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| Abdominal Wall Muscles | the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate th verbal column
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| Linea Alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall
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| Rectus Abdominis | on each side of the linea alba
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Triceps Brachii | extends the forearm
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| Biceps Brachii | flexes forearm
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| Flexor Carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor Carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor Digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| Extensor Digitorum | extends the fingers
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| Intrinsic Hand Muscles | 19 Hand Muscles
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