Anatomy Chapter 6
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| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to original shape after being strected
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| epimysium | each skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the
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| contractility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue surrounding the facicle
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| fibers | fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells
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| endomysium | each fiber is surrounded by connective tissue sheath called
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| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| actin myofilaments | resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted togetherr
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscles
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| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| sliding filaments mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| threshold | muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches this level called
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| all or none response | muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches this level called threshold, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relax
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | this is needed for energy muscle for muscle contraction
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic oxygen | with oxygen
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| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster that it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isomeric | length of muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tension | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by the muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast twitch | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye.
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| orbicularis oris, buccinator | kissing muscles
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter.
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| intrinsic | changes the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic | moves the tongue
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| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back.
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| Erector spinae | Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect.
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| most involved in breathing | Internal intercostals, External intercostals
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration.
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration.
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing.
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| Dome | shaped muscle. aids in breathing
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| rectus abdominis | On each side of the linea alba is the
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior- | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer
muscles”
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the
upper limb
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| Triceps brachii | extends forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes forearm
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| brachialis | flexes forearm
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| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and
extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during
muscle contraction.
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| flexor capri | flexes the wrist
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| extensor capri | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh.
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| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle.
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