bone articulations
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| a point of contact between bones | articulation
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| joints are divided into three classes | synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses
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| synarthroses joints | fibrous, immovable
ex: sutures of the skull
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| amphiarthroses joints | cartilagenous, slighty movable
ex: symphysis pubis
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| diarthroses joints | synovial, freely movable,
ex: shoulder joint
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| three subtypes of fibrous joints | syndesmoses, sutures, and gomphoses
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| syndesmoses joints | joints in which fibrous bands (ligaments) connect two bones.
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| sutures | lines of fusion between opposing skull bones
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| gomphoses | joints that occur between the root of a tooth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla
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| symphysis joint | joint in which a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones
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| Synovial joints | freely movable joints
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| seven structures characterize synovial joints | joint capusule, synovial membrane, articular cartiladge, joint cavity, menisci, ligaments, bursae
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| Joint capsule | extension of the periosteum of each articulating bone. forms a complete casing around the ends of the bones, thereby binding them to each other.
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| Synovial membrane | slippery membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule. It attaches to the margins of the articular cartilage. It also secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the inner joint surfaces.
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| Articular cartilage | Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering and cushioning the articular surfaces of bones.
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| Joint cavity | Small space between the articulating surfaces of the two bones of the joint
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| Menisci | Pads of fibrocartilage located between the articulating ends of bones
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| Ligaments | Strong cords of dense, white fibrous tissue at most synovial joints
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| Some synovial joints contain a closed pillowlike structure called a | Bursae
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| Types of synovial joints | hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket, gliding
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| Widest range of movement; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction | ball and socket ex: shoulder and hip
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| joint with angular or circular movements | gliding ex: joint between metacarpal and carpal bones
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| joint with flexion and extension only | hinge ex: elbow
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| condyloid joints | joint between radius and carpal bones
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| saddle joint | joint between the first metacarpal and carpal bone
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| type of joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae | pivot
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| joints that occur at points of articulation between the carpal bones | intercarpal joints
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| caused by an internal rotation injury to the anterior talofibular ligament | sprained ankle
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| types and range of movement of synovial joints | angular, circular, gliding, special
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| decreases the angle between bones | Flexion
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| increases the angle between bones | Extension
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| stretching an extended part beyond its anatomical position | hyperextension
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| when the foot is stretched down and back | plantar flexion
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| occurs when the foot is tilted upward, thus decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg | Dorsiflexion
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| moves a part away from the median plane of the body, <vbk:0-323-03718-6#outline(15.3.2.4)> | Abduction
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| part moved towards the median plane Examples include bringing the arm back to the side or moving fingers toward the midline of the hand. | Adduction
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| turns the sole of the foot inward | Inversion
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| turns it outward | Everesion
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| moves a part forward | Protraction
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| an acute musculoskeletal injury to the ligamentous structures surrounding a joint | sprain
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