Semester 2 Final Study Guide Flashcards
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| Federal Courts | courts in the United States given jurisdiction over cases regarding issues of the entire country (ex: debates between states)
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| Original Jurisdiction | the authority of a trial court to be first to hear a case
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| Indictment | a formal charge by a grand jury
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| Opinion of the Court | a written explanation of a Supreme Court decision; also, in some states, a written interpretation of a state constitution or state laws by the state's attorney general
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| Due Process Clause | Fourteenth Ammendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
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| Due Process of Law | principle in the Fifth Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals
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| Freedom of Assembly | "right of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their ideas."
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| Sedition | a form of speech that has the intention to inspire people to rebel
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| Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments of the United States Constitution
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| Shield Laws | a law that gives reporters some means of protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state courts
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| Public Opinion | the ideas and attitudes a significant number of Americans hold about issues
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| Ultimate Political Power is with who? | the people
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| Double Jeopardy | retrial of a person who was acquitted in a previous trial for the same crime
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| What is the difference between a conservative a liberal and a moderate? | a conservative liberal tends to wants to strictly follow the Constitution and interpret it literally (keeps things very traditional) and a moderate is open to non-conventional ways
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| How many levels to the Federal Court System? | 3
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| Naturalization | a legal process by which a person is granted citizenship
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| What is the chief way the Federal government raises revenue? | income tax
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| What is Medicare? | a form of health insurance usually for the elderly or disabled (not for perfectly healthy people)
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| Who has the power to raise revenue and pass appropriations? | Legislative branch
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| Who has the power to declare war? | congress
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| What are delegated powers? | powers the Constitution grants or delegates to the national government
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| What form of government do we have (what kind of democracy)? | Republic
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| What form of government gives all the powers to the national government? | Communist/Authoritarian?
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| Who did the Founding Fathers believe should have the right to vote? | white men who owned property/land
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| About half of the state revenue for local government? | income taxes
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| Who is the father of the Constitution? | james madison
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| What powers do state governments have that national governments do not? | ratify constitutional amendments, establish local governments
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| What are the qualifications for Senator? | US citizen for 9 years, over the age of 30 and live in the state he was chosen for
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| Marbury v Madison (why was it important?) | It established judicial review
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| Conventions | a agreement between countries, but less formal than a treaty
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| Single Member Districts | one office member over a group of people
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| Petition | a request, signed by a group of people, that is presented to government when the people want a law changed or to establish a new one
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| Independent as to a Political Party | someone who unaffiliated with a political party
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| Platform | the declared policy of a political group
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| Jurisdiction as to the Courts | the extent that a court can make decisions and handle certain court cases
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| Grand Jury | 23 people that examine a court case before a verdict is given
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| Petite Jury | determines whether a person is innocent or guilty when observing a court case
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| Precinct Captain | the person that handles affairs between the public and a certain political party
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| Lieutenant Governor | next in line to the governer
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| Winner take all | when the candidate with the most votes wins the highest position
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| Article 1 (what does it describe?) | Legislative branch and the structure of congress
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| Article 2 (what does it describe?) | the roles of the executive branch
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| Article 3 (what does it describe?) | the job of the judicial branch
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| Ratification | the way to officially confirm a rule or law, usually done through a vote
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| Impeachment | charging an official of misconduct in office (if they are convicted, they are removed from office)
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| What courts derive their power from the Constitution and federal laws? | The Supreme Court
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| A trial court has what kind of jurisdiction? | original jurisdiction
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| What are people engaged in lawsuits called? | litigants
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| What is a formal accusation handed down by the grand jury called? | indictment
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| Who are the workhorses of the federal judiciary system? | district courts
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| What court is the last resort in all questions of federal law? | Supreme court
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| What is the explanation of a Supreme Court decision called? | opinion
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| What must a state have in order to take away someone's life, liberty or property? | due process of law
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| If you are registered to vote or have a drivers licence, you may be called for...? | jury duty
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| Without this freedom there would be no political parties and no interest groups to influence the action of government..? | freedom of assembly
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| If you advocate revolution, you will be punished for? | sedition
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| Labor unions have the right to,,,? | impact work hours and wages
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| Who are the keepers of this countries rights? | citizens
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| The Constitution guarantees certain basic rights in..? | The Bill of Rights
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| Newspaper reporters may be protected by...? | freedom of the press
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| The Constitution assigns the power to control immigration to..? | Congress
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| The ultimate source of political power lies with..? | the people
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| Under what rule a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime? | double jeopardy
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| Before becoming naturalized citizens, immigrants are | resident aliens
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| People who flee to another country to escape persecution or danger are called? | refugees
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| The process that grants immigrants the rights and priveledges of citizenship is called? | naturalization
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| The separation of one group of people from another larger group of people is called...? | segregation
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| What is the chief way the federal government raises revenue? | income taxes
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| What is a 12 month accounting period called? | fiscal year
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| Who has the power to raise revenue and pass appropriations? | Congress
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| What is the biggest entitlement aid? | medical aid
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| What do you call the guiding strategies and goals that direct U.S relations with other countries? | foreign strategies
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| Who does the Constitution give the power to declare war to? | the president
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| What term means protecting United States borders and territories against invasion? | national invasion protection?
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| What political philosophy means to be involved in world affairs? | neoconservative
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| How many years can a president serve in office? | 10 years
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| What system is often called a winner-takes-all system? | The electoral college
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| What term means two houses of Congress? | bicameral
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| What are the qualifications for election to the Senate? | At least 30 years old, a US citien for 9 years, and must live in the state they are being elected for
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| Poland, Mexico, and South Africa are examples of what kind of government system? | democracy
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| What was the catalyst for Poland's transition to democracy? | national security
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| What ancient greek scholar was one of the first students of government? | Aristotle
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| What are features of all the states in today's world? | They all have governments, borders and elected officials that help govern the state
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| What system of government gives all the key powers to the national government? | federal
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| What was the colonial plan for self-rule, signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims, called? | Mayflower Compact
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| Why was the Magna Carta important? | It established statutory independence and was the beginning of putting checks and balances on the government.
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| What man was known as the Father of the Constitution? | James Madison
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| Thurgood Marshall | the first African American justice on the Supreme Court
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| Sandra Day O'Connor | the first woman justice on the Supreme Court
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| Federal Courts | established by the federal government
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| Grand Jury | Normally made up of 23 jurors, and their job is examine courses before the trial takes place
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| Petite Jury | they decide the verdict in cases involving civil issues and criminal proceedings
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| Jurisdiction of the Court | the amount of authority a court has over certain issues
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| Law Clerks | the assistant to a judge that helps in writing legal opinions
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| Coalition Government | Its main purpose is to represent all political parties
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| Platform | declared policy of a certain political party
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| One-party system | when a single party has the right to government
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| Conventions | less formal than a treaty, essentially an agreement between countries regarding a certain specific issue
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| Single-member districts | one officeholder in charge of many members
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| Patronage | power to control appointments within the office
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| plurality | the number of votes registered for a candidates that did not receive the majority of votes
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| petition | a written request, usually signed by other like minded people, petitioning for a change in law or an establishment of a new law
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| third party | an individual offering their opinion on an issue they are not directly involved in
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| precinct captain | holds a high position in the political party system
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| elastic clause | "a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers."
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| appeal to Congress | going to a higher court to get a decision, rather than getting a decision from a lower ranked court
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| bankrupcy | having no more of a certain quality or resource
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| Article 1 of the Constitution | Legislative branch
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| Article 2 of the Constiution | Executive Branch
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| Article 3 of the Constitution | Judicial Branch
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| First Amendment | lists the different freedoms including; speech, religion, press and assembly
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| ratification | official confirmation
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| United States v EC Knight and Co | "Sugar Trust Case", dealt with the controlling of monopolies
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| Marbury v Madison | It was significant because it was the court case that established judicial review
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| Dred Scott v Stanford | concluded that African Americans were not considered citizens
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