Chapter 6 Digestive System
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| bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells to form bilirubin and eventually secreted in the feces
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| bolus | mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed
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| exocrine | gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
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| sphincter | circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
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| triglycerides | organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
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| what does elevated bilirubin in the blood produce? | yellowing of the skin (jaundice). can indicate liver damage or disease
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| bucca | cheeks
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| what forms the oral cavity | cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue, hard and soft palates
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| mastication | mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces as they mix with saliva (chewing)
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| dentin | beneath the enamel, main structure of the tooth
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| pulp | innermost part of the tooth, contains nerves and blood vessels
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| gingiva | pink, fleshy tissue known as gums
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| deglutition | swallowing
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| papillae | rough projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds
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| 4 basic taste sensations | sweet, sour, salty and bitter
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| two structures that form the roof of the mouth | hard palate (anterior portion) and soft palate (posterior portion)
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| pharynx | throat
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| trachea | tube in the lowest portion of the pharynx that leads to the lungs
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| esophagus | tube in the lowest portion of the pharynx that leads to the stomach
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| epiglottis | small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus
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| or/o | mouth
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| oral | pertaining to the mouth
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| stomat/o | mouth
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| stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth
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| gloss/o | tongue
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| glossectomy | removal of all or part of the tongue
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| lingu/o | tongue
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| lingual | pertaining to the tongue
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| bucc/o | cheek
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| buccal | pertaining to the cheek
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| cheil/o | lip
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| cheiloplasty | surgical repair of a defective lip
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| labi/o | lip
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| labial | pertaining to the lips
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| dent/o | teeth
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| dentist | specialist who treats disorders of teeth
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| odont/o | teeth
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| gingiv/o | gums
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| sial/o | saliva, salivary glands
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| sialolith | calculus formed in a salivary gland or duct
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat)
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| pylor/o | pylorus (sphincter of the stomach)
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| duoden/o | duodenum (first part of small intestine)
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| duodenoscopy | visual examination of the duodenum
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| enter/o | intestine
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| enteropathy | disease of the intestine
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| jejun/o | jejunum (second part of small intestine)
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| jejunorrhaphy | suture of the jejunum
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| ile/o | ileum (third part of small intestine)
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| ileostomy | creation of an opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall
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| append/o | appendix
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| appendic/o | appendix
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| col/o | colon
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| colon/o | colon
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| sigmoidotomy | incision of the sigmoid colon
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| rect/o | rectum
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| rectocele | herniation or protrusion of the rectum
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| proct/o | anus, rectum
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| an/o | anus
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| perianal | pertaining to the area around the anus
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| hepat/o | liver
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| pancreatolysis | destruction of the pancreas
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| cholangi/o | bile vessel
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| chol/e | bile, gall
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| cholelith | gallstone
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| cholecyst/o | gallbladder
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| choledoch/o | bile duct
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| choledochoplasty | surgical repair of the bile duct
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| -emesis | vomit
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| hyperemesis | excessive vomiting
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| -iasis | abnormal condition
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| cholelithiasis | abnormal condition of gallstones
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| -orexia | appetite
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| -pepsia | digestion
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| dyspepsia | difficult or painful digestion
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| -phagia | swallowing, eating
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| aerophagia | swallowing air
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| -prandial | meal
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| postprandial | after a meal
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| steatorrhea | discharge of fat in fecal matter
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| dia- | through, across
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| peri- | around
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| sub- | under, below
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| first part of the small intestine | duodenum
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| what prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus | lower esophageal (Cardiac) sphincter
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| fundus | upper portion of the stomach
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| pylorus | funnel shaped terminal portion of the stomach where most digestion takes place
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| rugae | macroscopic longitudinal folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills
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| chyme | stomach secretions that are turn semiliquid from stomach churning
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| pyloric sphincter | where chyme leaves the stomach to enter the duodenum. regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small
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| peristalsis | coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions that propel food through the GI tract
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| duodenum | uppermost segment of small intestine (10 inches long)
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| jejunum | middle segment of small intestine, approx 8 feet long
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| ileum | lowermost portion of small intestine, approx 12 feet long
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| villi | microscopic, fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients in chyme
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| ileocecal valve info | sphincter muscle at the end of the terminal end of the small intestine that allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body
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| cecum info | first 2 or 3 inches of the large intestine, small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve
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| appendix info | wormlike structure projecting downward from the cecum, no known function, but its twisted structure is an ideal location for enteric bacteria to accumulate and multiply
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| liver info | largest glandular organ in the body, beneath diaphragm, produces bile, aids in digestion of fat, removes glucose from blood, stores vitamins, releases bilirubin
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| pancreas info | elongated flat organ, posterior and inferior to stomach, performs endocrine (secretes insulin into blood) and exocrine (digestive enzymes into duodenum) functions
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| gallbladder info | saclike structure, storage area for bile
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| asymptomatic | showing no symptoms
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| ulcer | circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
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| perforation | hole
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritonium
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| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammatory disease of the colon
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| stoma | surgical creation of an opening
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| hernia | protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained
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| inguinal hernia | protrusion of abdominal folds in groin meeting the thighs
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| strangulated hernia | when blood supply to hernia is cutoff, can lead to necrosis with gangrene
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| umbilical hernia | protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel
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| congenital hernia | hernia in newborns
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| hernioplasty | surgical repair of hernia
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| two types of hernias in diaphragm | diaphragmatic or hiatal hernia
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| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disorder, back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
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| mechanical obstruction | obstruction in intestines when intestinal contents are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier blocking the lumen
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| nonmechanical obstruction | intestinal obstruction when peristalsis is impaired and the intestinal contents cannot be propelled through the bowel
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| volvolus | intestinal twisting
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| intussusceptions | intestinal "telescoping" where part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it
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| hemorrhoids | enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal (internal or external)
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| hemorrhoidectomy | surgical removal of hemorrhoid
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| hepatitis A | infectious hepatitis
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| hepatitis B | serum hepatitis
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| common causes of hep A | ingestion of contaminated food, water or milk
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| parenteral | transmission routes other than the mouth (ex: blood transfusions and sexual contact)
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| jaundice | yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes
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| diverticulosis | condition where small, blister like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon though the intestinal wall
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| diverticula | small, blisterlike pockets
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| obstipation | extreme constipation
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| gastric adenocarcinoma | cancerous glandular tumor
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| anorexia | lack or loss of appetite, results of inability to eat
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| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly caused by chronic liver disease
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| borborygmus | rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
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| cachexia | physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
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| cholelithiasis | presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
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| cirrhosis | scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
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| colic | spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
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| Crohn disease | form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract
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| dysentery | inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea
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| dysphagia | inability or difficulty in swallowing
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| eructation | producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sounds, burping
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| fecalith | fecal concretion
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| flatus | gas in the GI tract, expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
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| halitosis | foul-smelling breath
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| hematemesis | vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
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| irritable bowel syndrome | symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined
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| malabsorption syndrome | symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
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| melena | passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
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| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds body's skeletal and physical standards
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| morbid obesity | BMI of 40 or greater, which is about 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight
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| oral leukoplakia | formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
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| peristalsis | progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body
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| pyloric stenosis | stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
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| regurgitation | backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
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| nasogastric intubation | insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relive gastric dissension by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food or fluids
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| anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
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| ileorectal anastomosis | surgical connection of the ileum and rectum
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| intestinal anastomosis | surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
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| bariatric surgery | group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
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| vertical banded gastroplasty | bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a full feeling
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| Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, decreases pathway of food though the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats
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| colostomy | creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
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| lithotripsy | procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or with shock waves
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| polypectomy | excision of a polyp
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| pyloromyotomy | incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
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| gastrointestinal endoscopy | visual examination of the GI tract
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| hepatitis panel | panel of blood tests to identify hep A, B or C by testing serum using antibiotics to each of these antigens
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| liver function tests | group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with he biliary tract
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| serum bilirubin | measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
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| stool culture | test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing GI infection
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| stool guaiac | test that applies a substance called a guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces
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| computed tomography | imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
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| lower GI series | radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum (aka barium enema)
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| oral cholecystography | radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contract material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
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| magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography | MRI is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner
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| sialography | radiologic examination of the salivary glands and the ducts
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| ultrasonography | high frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor
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| abdominal ultrasound | provides visual of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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| endoscopic ultrasonography | combines endoscopy and ultrasound to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs
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| upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) | radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine following oral administration of barium
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