Women's Reproductive Health - Reproductive Anatomy, Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
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| What are the primary sex organs, or gonads, in females? | ovaries
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| What is the function of the gonads in females? | -to produce gametes, ova (oogenesis)
-to secrete sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
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| What are the primary sex organs, or gonads, in males? | testes
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| What is the function of the gonads in males? | -to produce gametes, sperm (spermatogenesis)
-to secrete sex hormones, testosterone
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| What is Müllerian inhibitory hormone? | a hormone produced by fetal testis
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| What is the function of Müllerian inhibitory hormone? | causes Müllerian ducts to degenerate
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| What is the SRY gene? | the sex determining region on the Y chromosome
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| What is the function of the SRY gene? | directs undifferentiated gonads to form into testes
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| What is a sertoli cell? | a cell that surrounds developing sperm in the seminiferous tubules
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| What is the function of a sertoli cell? | to provide nourishment to developing sperm
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| What is a Y chromosome? | the smaller of the two types of sex chromosomes
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| What is the function of a Y chromosome? | it contains a gene, SRY, which triggers embryonic development as a male
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| What are sex chromosomes? | types of chromosome that participate in sex determination
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| What is the function of sex chromosomes? | sex determination; XX = female, XY = male
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| What is a primary oocyte? | oogonia (ovary-specific stem cells) that have gone through mitosis and the beginning of meiosis I
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| What is the function of a primary oocyte? | to remain in meiotic arrest within follicles until prepared for ovulation, in which case it develops into a secondary oocyte
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| What is a secondary oocyte? | a primary oocyte that has completed meiosis I up to metaphase II
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| What is the function of a secondary oocyte? | to be released at ovulation, when its follicle breaks up
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| What is an embryo? | the product of fertilization (term used up until 8 weeks)
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| What is the function of an embryo? | to develop into a fetus
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| What are Mullerian ducts? | part of the undifferentiated reproductive system that eventually develops into the oviducts, uterus, cervix and upper vagina in the absence of MIH
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| What are Wolffian ducts? | part of the undifferentiated reproductive system that eventually develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles in the presence of testosterone
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| What is Klinefelter's syndrome? | a genetic disorder that affects males; they are born with 47 chromosomes instead of 46 (XXY)
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| What is Turner's syndrome? | a genetic disorder that affects females; they are born with 45 chromosomes instead of 46 (XO)
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| What is genetic sex? | the fundamental distinction based on the type of gametes produced by the individual
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| What was Aristotle's view of human reproductive anatomy? | -men and women are the same species b/c both warm blooded
-but, men have more heat b/c their genitals are external
-women have insufficient heat to keep genitals warm externally
-more heat = superior
-women have less natural heat = "lesser man"
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| What was Galen's view of human reproductive anatomy? | -believed male and female reproductive organs are homologous (right to a certain point)
-female = cooler/less perfect version of male; a replica
-believed this was a wise choice, b/c inside the organs are safe for conception/gestation
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| What were Victorian (19th century) physicians' and scientists' views of human reproductive anatomy? | -believed there were no common qualities between men and women (and their repro. organs)
-women = by-products of their repro. system
-uterus connected to cns (brain)
-overstimulation of cns would cause repro. organs to shrivel and die (in white women)
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| How does spermatogenesis and oogenesis compare in terms of length/when produced? | -spermatogenesis accomplished within 2 months (or 64 days)
-oogenesis takes anywhere from age 12 (puberty) to 50 (menopause) to complete on a cyclic basis
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| How does spermatogenesis and oogenesis compare in terms of supply? | -postpubertal male can produce several hundred million sperm each day
-female born with limited, largely nonrenewable supply of germ cells
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| How does spermatogenesis and oogenesis compare in terms of yield for primary spermatocyte/oocyte? | -each primary spermatocyte yields 4 equally viable spermatozoa
-each primary oocyte yields just 1 cytoplasm-rich ovum and 3 cytoplasm-poor polar bodies that degenerate
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| the male and female anatomy, sex differentiation, oogenesis, spermatogenesis |
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| Summary of mitosis (DNA replication, number of divisions, synapsis of homologs, # of daughter cells and genetic composition, role in the animal body): | -DNA replication occurs during interphase (before mitosis)
-1 division
-no synapsis of homologs (individual chromosomes line up)
-2 daughter cells, each diploid (2n), genetically identical to parent
-zygote -> multicellular adult
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| Summary of meiosis (DNA replication, number of divisions, synapsis of homologs, # of daughter cells and genetic composition, role in the animal body): | -DNA replication occurs during interphase (before meiosis I)
-2 divisions
-synapsis occurs during prophase I
-4 daughter cells, each haploid (n), genetically diverse
-role is to produce gametes and introduce genetic variability
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