Element 1- Anatomy: The Thorax
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| What type of muscle is the diaphragm? | Skeletal
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| Which nerve innervates the diaphragm and what are it's nerve roots? | Phrenic nerve, originates from C4/5/6
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| Describe the action of the diaphragm during respiration | It domes downwards to suck air in on an inhale and domes inwards to push air out on an exhale
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| Where are the intercostal nerves located? | Between the ribs
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| Where is the sternocleidomastoid muscle? | Originates from the mastoid and runs to the sternal end of the clavicle
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| How does the sternocleidomastoid muscle assist with respiration? | They lift the ribcage up and away to allow more lung space
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| Where are the scalenes located? | They originate from the transverse process of C2/3/4/5/6/7 and run to the 1st and 2nd rib.
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| How do the scalene muscles assist in respiration? | They lift the ribcage up to expand the lungs
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| Where are the pecs located? | Upper arm to sturnum
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| How do the pecs assist with respiration? | Expand rib cage when the arms are fixed
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| How do the erector spinal muscles assist with respiration? | They extend the spine, therefore allowing the ribcage to expand fully
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| To which nodes does the majority of lymph from the breast drain? | Axillary nodes in the armpit
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| Where is quadratus lumborum? | Joins the iliac crest to the bottom of the 12th rib
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| How does quadrates lumborum assist with respiration? | Fixes the lower part of the ribcage
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| Is the fibrous pericardium thick or thin? | Thick
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| Does the fibrous pericardium stretch easily? | No it doesn't stretch
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| To what is the fibrous pericardium fused to interiorly? | Diaphragm
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| Is the parietal serous pericardium which or thin? | Thin
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| To what is this parietal serous pericardium adhered to? | The fibrous pericardium
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| What lies between the parietal serous pericardium and the visceral serous pericardium? | A small amount of serous/ pericardial fluid
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| Is the visceral serous pericardium thick or thin? | Thin
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| What is the visceral serous pericardium adhered to? | The myocardium
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| What is the plane that divides the superior and inferior mediastinum called? | Plane of Louis
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| At what vertebral level does the Plane of Louis lie? | T4/5
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| What is the surface landmark of the Plane of Louis | Manubo-sternal joint
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| How many cusps has the left atrioventricular valve got? | 2
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| How many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve got? | 3
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| How does the atrioventricular valve function? | Flow of blood pushes muscles and heart strings so the valve opens. Chordae tendinae prevents the valve from inverting
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| how many cusps are there in each semilunar valve? | 3
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| From where to the right and left coronary arteries arise? | aortic sinus
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| What muscles do the coronary arteries supply? | the myocardium
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| Where does the coronary sinus collect venous blood from? | myocardium
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| From what are the tracheal rings compromised of? | cartilage
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| What type of muscle is the trachealis muscle? | smooth
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| What type of epithelial lining does the trachea have? | respiratory epithelium. ciliated to secrete and waft mucous up the trachea to be swallowed. keeps trachea clean
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| To which structures in the parietal pleura adhered to? | thoracic wall and diaphragm
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| to which structures in the visceral pleura adhered to? | lungs
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| What do the pleuras secrete and into which space? Why? | Pleural fluid into the pleural cavity. for lubrication to allow the lungs to expand
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