Element 1- Anatomy: The Nervous System
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| What space does the spinal chord pass though? | Vertebral Foreman
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| What type of joint are the intervertebral discs? | Secondary cartilaginous
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| What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs called? | Annulus fibrous (the outside bit) and nucleus pulposus (the middle mushy bit)
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| Do the erector spine muscles lie anterior or posterior to the transverse process? | Posterior
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| What action do the erector spine muscles have on the spine? | Assist and control bends at the waist
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| Where does the spinal chord start? | Foreman magnum
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| What continues on from the brainstem? | Spinal cord
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| Where does the spinal chord end on an adult | L1/2
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| Via which foreman do spinal nerves exit the vertebrae? | Intervertebral foreman
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| Where is the Cauda Equina? | L1/L2, where the spinal chord ends
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| What is the cauda equine? Why is it formed? | Bundle of spinal nerves. They are formed because there is differential rates of growth between the spinal cord and the vertebral column
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| What is a myotome? | Skeletal muscle receiving innervation from a single spinal nerve
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| What is a dermatome? | Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
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| Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary | Involuntary
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| What type of muscle does the ANS supply? | Smooth and cardiac
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| From which part of the CNS do sympathetic fibres arise? | T1-L2
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| Which part of the CNS do parasympathetic fibres arise? | Cranial and sacral
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| From which horn do sensory neurones arise from? | Dorsal Horn
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| From which horn do the parasympathetic neurones arise? | Lateral horn
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| From which horn do motor neurones arise from? | Ventral horn
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| Where are the intercostal nerves located and what type(s) of nerve fibres do they carry? Where do they arise from? | Run in between the ribs, arise from the anterior roots of the thoracic spinal nerves at T1 to T11. Primarily carry somatic fibres
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| Where are the phrenic nerves located and what type(s) of nerve fibres do they carry? Where does it travel to? | Arises from C3/4/5. They run pressed up to the fibrous pericardium out side the heart. Connect with the diaphragm. Contains motor and sensory fibres and sympathetic fibres
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| What does the phrenic nerve control? | Motor function: Innervates the diaphragm.
Sensory Function: Innervates the central part of the diaphragm, the pericardium and the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura.
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| Where is the vagus nerve located and what type(s) of nerve fibres does it carry? Where does it travel to? | Originates at the brain stem and splits into two. One part carries parasympathetic fibres and travels to the heart and the stomach. The smaller part contains somatic fibres and becomes the recurrent laryngeal nerve+goes to the larynx.
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| Where is the sympathetic chain located and what type(s) of nerve fibres does it carry? | Chain of ganglion located parallel to the spine. Contains sympathetic fibres
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| What is the purpose of the sympathetic chain? | It allows nerve fibres to travel to spinal nerves that are superior and inferior to the one in which they originated.
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| Which structures is the epi/extradural space between? | Bone of the vertebrae and the dura
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| What is contains in the epi/extradural space? | Fat
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| Why might you insert a needle in to the epi/extradural space? | Epidural- pain relief for labour
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| Which structures is the subdural space between? | Dura and the arachnoid mater
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| Is the subdural a potential or realised space? | potential
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| Which structures is the subarachnoid space between? | Arachnoid Mater and the pia mater
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| What does the subarachnoid space contain? | Cerebrospinal fluid
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| Why might you insert a needle into the subarachnoid space? | Lumbar puncture- analysing for meningitis and used for spinal anaesthetic.
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| What is the pia mater adhered to? | Spinal chord
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| Where do the ribs articulate on the vertebrae? | Transverse facet
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| Which vertebrae do the ribs adhere to? | Thoracic vertebrae
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| What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint? | Secondary cartilogious
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| Which rib articulates at the manubriosternal joint? | 2
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| At which spinal level is the manubrosternal joint? | T4/5
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| Which part of the rib articulates with the body of a vertebra? | Head
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| Which part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra? | Tubercle
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| What are true ribs? | A rib that is directly attached to the sternum
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| What are false ribs? | Ribs not directly attached to the sternum. Connect to the rib above them using costal cartilage
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| Does the costal groove lie on the superior or inferior border of the rib? | Inferior
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| What runs in the costal grove of the rib? | Intercostal vein, artery and nerve
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| Where would you insert a needle into the thoracic cage? | Above the rib to avoid damaging the structures that run in the intercostal groove.
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| What forms the borders of the thoracic inlet? | the pair of first ribs, first thoracic vertebra and the superior border of the manubrium
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| Where is the costal margin? | The border of the ribs at the bottom of the rib cage
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