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| Walter Douglas | district manager for Phelps~Dodge
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| Bisbee’s Citizens’ Protective League and Workers Loyalty Laegue | members of whom were deputized to
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| Panama Canal | triumph of modern engineering and gave U.S. a tremendous strategic and commercial advantage in Western Hemisphere
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| Philippe Bunau~Varilla | leader of one of the revolts started by Roosevelt, was an engineer and agent for the New Panama Canal Company
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| Roosevelt Corollary | President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy asserting U.S. authority to intervene in affairs of Latin American nations; an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine
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| Monroe Doctrine | In Dec. 1823, Monroe declared to Congress that Americans “are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.”
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| Open Door policy | American policy of seeking equal trade and investment opportunities in foreign nations or regions
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| Root~Takahira Agreement | affirmed the “existing status quo” in Asia, mutual respect for territorial possession in the Pacific, and the Open Door trade policy in China
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| ABC powers | Argentina, Brazil, and Chile who were ready to mediate the dispute
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| Francisco “Pancho” Villa | Carranza’s former ally who now led a rebel army of his own in northern Mexico
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| General John J. Pershing | dispatched by Wilson in March 1916 after Villa sent raids of men into the United States killing a few dozen Americans
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| Militarism | the tendency to see military might as the most important and best tool for the expansion of a nation’s power and prestige
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| Imperialism | the policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets
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| Triple Alliance | also called the central powers included Germany, Austria~Hungary, and Italy.
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| Triple Entente | also called Allies included Great Britain, France, and Russia
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| weapons | machine guns, tanks, and trench warfare
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| hyphenated Americans | Americans either foreign born or having one or both parents who were immigrants
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| Lusitania | British liner carrying 1198 passenger of which 128 were Americans was sunk by a German U boat
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| British Isles | waters declared by Germany as a war zone and that any ship will be subjects to submarine attacks
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| William Jennings Bryan | resigned from secretary of state in protest against a policy he thought too warlike
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| National Security League | helped push for a bigger army and navy and a system of universal military training
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| National Defense Act | more than doubled the size of the regular army to 220000 and integrated the state National Guards under federal control
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| Preparedness | military buildup in preparation for possible U.S. participation in World War 1
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| Claude Kitchin | leader of the group of House Democrats who opposed Wilson’s military buildup
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| Jane Addams, Lillian Wald | spoke out for peace
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| Thomas Ince | a movie director who won a huge audience for his 1916 film Civilization depicting Christ returning to reveal the horrors of war to world leaders
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| Two popular songs of 1915 | “Don’t Take My Darling Boy Away” and “I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier”
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| Arthur Zimmermanm | Germany foreign secretary who sent a coded message to the German ambassador in Mexico proposing an alliance if U.S. joined the war. It was intercepted by U.S.
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| Committee on Public Information | Government agency during WW1 that sought to shape public opinion in support of the war effort through newspapers, pamphlets, speeches, films, and other media
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| George Creel | dominated the CPI; was the chairman and a journalist and reformer
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| Randolph Bourne | a former student of Dewey who wrote a series of antiwar essays warning of the consequences for reform movements of all kind
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| Women’s Peace Party | founded in 1915 by feminist opposed to the preparedness campaign, dissolved
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| Selective Service Act | the law establishing the military draft for WW1
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| General John J. Pershing | was appointed by Wilson as commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
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| doughboys | a nickname for soldiers dating back to Civil war~era recruits who joined the army for the money
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| War Industries Board | the federal agency that recognized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WW1; led by Bernard M. Baruch
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| Food and Fuel Act | authorized the president to regulate the production and distribution of the food and fuel necessary for the war effort
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| Food Administration | administration that regulated food. Lead by Herbert Hoover
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| Liberty Bonds | interest~bearing certificates sold by the U.S. government to finance the American WW! Effort
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| National War Labor Board | acted as a kind of supreme court for labor, arbitrating disputes and working to prevent disruptions in production
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| Immigration Act | required a literacy test and $8 head tax, was able to cut Mexican immigration by half
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| Espionage Act | law whose vague prohibition against obstructing the nation’s war effort was used to crush dissent and criticism during WW1
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| Women in Industry Service | directed by Mary Van Kleeck, the service advised employers on using female labor and formulated general standards for the treatment of women workers
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| National Woman Suffrage Association | supported the war effort and doubled membership to 2 million. Led by Carrie Chapman Catt
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| Alice Paul | led militant suffragists; she was young Quaker activist; created the National Woman’s Party
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| Division of Venereal Diseases | created in the summer of 1918 as a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service, establishing clinics offering free medical treatment to infected persons
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| Children’s Bureau | created in 1912 as part of the Labor Department, undertook a series of reports on special problems from war
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| Julia C. Lathrop | chief of children’s bureau, organized “Children’s Year” campaign designed to promote public protection of expectant mothers and infants
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| Maternity and Infancy Act | passed in 1921 appropriating 1 million dollars a year to be administered to states by children’s bureau
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| Bureau of Investigation in the Justice Department | was reorganized after the war ad the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
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| Sedition Act | broad law restricting criticism of America’s involvement in WW1 or its government, flag, military, taxes, or officials
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| Schench v. U.S. | court unanimously agreed with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’s claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words “are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create danger”
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| Debs v. U.S. | court affirmed the guilt of Eugene V. Debs for his antiwar speech in Canton, even thought he had not explicitly urged violation of the draft laws
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| Abrams v U.S. | court upheld Sedition Act convictions of four Russian immigrants who had printed pamphlets denouncing American military intervention in the Russian Revolution
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| American Protective League | founded with the blessing of the Justice Department, mobilized 250,000 self~appointed “operatives” in more than 600 towns and cities
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| Great Migration | mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North, spurred especially by new job opportunities during WW1 and the 1920s
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| Elbert Gary | president of U.S. Steel, directed a sophisticated propaganda campaign that branded the strikers as revolutionaries
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| Fourteen Points | a plan for peace which had originally served wartime purposes: appeal to antiwar factions in Austria~Hungary and Germany, convince Russia to stay in war, and help sustain Allied morale
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| League of Nations | international organization created by the Versailles Treaty after WW1 to ensure world stability
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| Article X | heart of the League covenant, called for collective security as the ultimate method of keeping the peace
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| Central Powers | Germany and its WW1 allies in Austria, Italy, Turkey, and Bulgaria
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| self~determination | right of a people or a nation to decide on its own political allegiance or form of government without external influence
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| irreconcilables | group of U.S. senators adamantly opposed to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles after WW1
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| Versailles Treaty | treaty ending WW1 and creating the League of Nations
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| Bolsheviks | members of the Communist movement in Russia who established the Soviet government after the 1917 Russian Revolution
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| 1918 Alien Act | enabled the government to deport any immigrant found to be a member of a revolutionary organization prior to or after coming to the U.S.
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| Red Scare | post~WW1 public hysteria over Bolshevik influence in the United States directed against labor activism, radical dissenters, and some ethnic groups
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