Lower Limbs
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| Origin of Gluteus Maximus | Posterior Sacrum, Ilium (via ligamentous sheath) Superior gluteal line of ilium
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| Insertion of gluteus maximus | Gluteal tuberosity of femur, Iliotibial tract (which continues to attach to lateral condyle of tibia
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| Action Of gluteus maximus | Extension of femur at hip, lateral rotation of extended
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| Nerve for gluteus maximus | Inferior gluteal nerve
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| gluteal muscle used for power, as in going upstairs, rising from sitting position, climbing or running | gluteus maximus
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| Origin of Gluteus medius | Iliac crest, Ilium between superior and middle gluteal lines
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| Insertion of gluteus medius | Greater trochanter of femur
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| Action of gluteus medius | abduction, medial rotaion of femur at hip, stabilizes pelvis and prevents it from tilting to the unsupported side.
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| paralysis of this muscle on one side results in the"gluteus limp" | gluteus medius
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| Gluteus medius innervated by | Superior gluteal nerve
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| Origin of Gluteus minimus | Posterior ilium-between middle and inferior gluteal lines
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| Insertion of gluteus minimus | Anterior surface of greater trochanter
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| Action of gluteus minimus | abduction, medial rotation of femur at hip
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| Gluteus minimus innervated by | Superior gluteal nerve
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| these two muscles work together in abduction and medial rotation of the femur at the hip | gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
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| Iliopsoas muscle made up of two muscles | Psoas major and iliacus
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| Origin of psoas major | lumbar vertebrae- T12 thru L5
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| Insertion of psoas major | Lesser trochanter of femur
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| Action of psoas major & iliacus (iliopsoas) | Flexion of femur at hip joint, if thigh is fixed flexion of trunk at hip joint
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| Origin of iliacus | Iliac fossa
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| Insertion of iliacus | lesser trochanter of the femur
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| Psoas major innervated by | L2, 3 directly
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| Iliacus innervated by | femoral nerve (L2,L3, L4)
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| the strongest hip flexor | iliopsoas
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| Psoas Minor | not present in most people. it is a small muscle with a long tendon lying in front of psoas major, originating from T12, inserting on the pelvic brim and innervated by L1
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| Origin of Tensor Fasciae Latae | Iliac crest (posterior to anterior superior iliac spine)
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| Insertion of tensor fasciae latae | ITB (which continues to attach to lateral condyle of tibia)
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| Action of tensor fasciae latae | Prevents collapse of knee during ambulation
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| Tensor fasciae latae assists in the following actions | abduction, medial rotation, flexion of femur at hip and extension of knee
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| Tensor fasciae latae innervated by | Superior gluteal nerve
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| Origin of Sartorius | Anteror superior liliac spine
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| Insertion of Sartorius | upper medial shaft of tibia
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| Action of Sartorius | Assists flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of femur at hip, assists flexion, medial rotation of knee
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| Sartorius innervated by | Femoral nerve (L2, 3,4)
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| Longest muscle in the body. Most superficial thigh muscle, forms lateral border of the femoral triangle, only assists in actions | Sartorius
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| Quadriceps Femoris Group | Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
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| Origin of Rectus femoris | Anterior inferior iliac spine, Ilium at upper rim of acetabulum
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| Insertion of Rectus Femoris | patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
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| Action of rectus Femoris | Extension of knee, assists in flexion of femur at hip
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| Rectus femoris is innervated by | Femoral Nerve (L2, 3, 4)
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| Only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses both the hip and the knee joint. Combined actions are seen as the leg is brought forward in walking | Rectus femoris
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| Origin of Vastus medialis | Linea aspera on posterior femur
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| Origin of Vastus lateralis | Linea aspera on posterior femur and the greater trochanter of femur
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| Origin of Vastus intermedius | Anterior and lateral femoral shaft
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| Insertion of Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius | Patella, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
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| Action of Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius | Extension of knee
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| Innervation of Quadriceps group | L2,3,4
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| Origin of pectineus | Anterior pubis
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| Insertion of pectineus | Between lesser trochanter and linea aspera of posterior femur
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| Action of pectineus | Flexion of femur at hip and assists in adduction of femur at hip
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| Pectineus is innervated by | Femoral Nerve (L2,3,4)
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| Only adductor supplied by the femoral nerve. Uppermost muscle of the medial thigh | Pectineus
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| Forms the medial border of the femoral triangle | Adductor Longus
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| Origin of adductor longus and adductor brevis | Anterior pubis
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| Insertion of adductor longus and adductor brevis | Linea aspera on posterior femur
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| Adductor longus and adductor brevis are innervated by | Obturator (L3,4)
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| Muscle found deep to adductor longus | Adductor brevis
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| The largest and deepest adductor muscle of the thigh | Adductor Magnus
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| The femoral artery and femoral vein emerge from this to popliteal fossa behind the knee | Adductor hiatus
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| Origin of the adductor magnus anterior (adductor) head | Inferior ramus of pubis
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| Origin of the adductor magnus posterior (hamstring) head | Ischial tuberosity and ramus of ischium
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| Insertion of the anterior (adductor) head of the adductor magnus | adductor tubercle of the femur
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| Insertion of the posterior (hamstring) head of the adductor magnus | Linea aspera of the femur
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| Action of Adductor Magnus | Adduction of femur at hip
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| Action of Adductor Magnus Anterior Head | Assists flexion and medial rotation of femur at hip
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| Action of Adductor Magnus posterior head | assists extension and lateral rotation of femur at hip
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| Adductor magnus anterior head is innervated by | Obturator Nerve (L2,3,4)
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| Adductor Magnus posterior head is innervated by | Sciatic Nerve(L4,5,S1,2,3)
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| Origin of Gracilis | Inferior ramus of anterior pubis
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| Insertion of gracilis | medial proximal tibia
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| Action of gracilis | adduction of femur at hip, assists in flexion and medial rotation of flexed knee
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| Gracilis is Innervated by | Obturator Nerve (L2,3,4)
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| The most superficial and medial of the adductors | gracilis
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| The femoral shaft forms a letter "V" with this muscle | gracilis
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| Muscles of the hamstrings | Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
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| Origin of biceps femoris long head | ischial tuberosity
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| Origin of biceps femoris short head | Linea aspera
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| Insertion of biceps femoris | head of fibula (lateral aspect)
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| Action of biceps femoris long head | extension of hip
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| Action of biceps femoris (both heads) | flexion of knee, lateral rotation of flexed knee
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| Long head of biceps femoris is innervated by | Sciatic Nerve -tibial division (S1,2,3)
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| Short head of biceps femoris is innervated by | Sciatic Nerve-peroneal division (L5,S1,2)
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| Shortened hamstrings makes it hard to do this action | Touching toes while keeping knees extended
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| Origin of Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity
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| Insertion of semitendinosus | anterior proximal tibial shaft
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| Insertion of semimembranosus | posterior medial tibial condyle
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| Origin of semimembranosus | ischial tuberosity
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| Action of semimembranosus and semitendinosus | Extension of hip, flexion of the knee, medial rotation of the flexed knee
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| Semimembranosus and semitendinosus are innervated by | Sciatic nerve (L5,S1,2)
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| Origin of Gastrocnemius | Medial Head-medial epicondyle of femurLateral Head-lateral epicondyle of femur
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| Insertion of gastrocnemius | calcaneus via tendo Achilles
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| Action of gastrocnemius | Plantarflexion of the ankle OR assist in flexion of knee
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| Gastrocnemius is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (S1,2)
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| This muscle raises the heel during running and jumping | gastrocnemius
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| Origin of soleus | Soleal line of tibia and the posterior head and upper shaft of the fibula
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| Insertion of Soleus | Calcaneus via tendo Achilles
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| Action of soleus | plantar flexion of ankle
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| Soleus is innervated by | Tibial nerve (S1,2)
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| These two muscles, together, are known as the triceps surae | Gastrocnemius and soleus
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| Origin of the plantaris | lateral epicondyle of the femur
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| Insertion of the plantaris | Calcaneus via tendo Achilles
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| Action of the plantaris | Assists in plantarflexion of ankle and assists in flexion of the knee
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| Plantaris is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (L4,5,S1)
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| The lower extremity counterpart to the palmaris longus and is missing in some persons. | Plantaris
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| the plantaris lies between these two muscles | soleus and gastrocnemius
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| Origin of the popliteus | Lateral condyle of femur
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| Insertion of popliteus | posterior proximal tibial shaft
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| Action of popliteus | Initiates knee flexion by medial rotation of tibia to "unlock" extended knee
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| Popliteus is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (L5, S1)
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| The key that umlocks the knee | popliteus
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| Origin of Tibialis Posterior | posterior tibia, posterior fibula, interosseous membrane
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| Insertion of tibialis posterior | navicular and adjacent tarsals and metatarsals on plantar surface
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| Action of tibialis posterior | Inversion of foot and assists in plantarflexion of ankle
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| tibialis posterior is innervated by | Tibial nerve (L5, S1)
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| The tendon of this muscle is the most anterior and superficial that course around the medial malleolus | tibialis posterior
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| Tom Dick and Harry | tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
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| "Tom" of Tom, Dick and Harry | Tibialis Posterior
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| Origin of Flexor Digitorum Longus | posterior tibia
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| Insertion of flexor digitorum longus | distal phalanges of 4 lateral toes on plantar surface
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| Action of flexor digitorum longus | Flexion of 4 lateral toes at DIP joints and assists plantar flexion of ankle
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| Flexor digitorum longus is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (l5, S1)
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| "Dick" of the Tom, Dick and Harry | Flexor Digitorum longus
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| Comparable to the flexor digitorum profundus in the hand | Flexor Digitorum Longus
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| Origin of Flexor Hallucis Longus | Posterior fibula
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| Insertion of Flexor Hallicus Longus | Distal Phalanx of great toe
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| Action of flexor hallucis longus | flexion of great toe at IP joint and assists in plantar flexion of the ankle
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| Flexor Hallucis Longus is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (L5, S1, 2)
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| Harry of the calf muscles | Flexor hallicus longus
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| Origin of Tibialis ANterior | lateral condyle and lateral shaft of tibia, interosseous membrane
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| Insertion of tibialis anterior | Base of 1st metatarsal, plantar surface and first (medial) cuneiform bone, plantar surface
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| Action of tibialis anterior | dorsiflexion of ankle and inversion of foot
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| Tibialis anterior innervated by | Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5, S1)
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| Paralysis of this muscle causes "foot drop" | tibialis anterior
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| "shin splints" involve this muscle | Tibialis anterior
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| Origin of extensor hallucis longus | Anterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane
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| Insertion of Extensor hallucis longus | base of distal phalanx of the great toe
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| action of extensor hallucis longus | extension of the great toe at IP joint and assists dorsiflexion of ankle
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| Extensor hallucis is innervated by | Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1)
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| Comparable to the extensor pollicis longus in hand | extensor hallucis longus
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| Origin of extensor digitorum longus | lateral condyle of tibia and proximal 2/3 of anterior shaft of fibula
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| Insertion of extensor digitorum longus | middle and distal phalanges of 4 lateral toes
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| Action of extensor digitorum longus | extention of 4 lateral toes at MP joints and assists dorsiflexion of ankle
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| extensor digitorum longus innervated by | deep peroneal nerve
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| comparable to the extensor digitorum in the hand and its tendons comprise the extensor expansion of the foot | extensor digitorum longus
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| Origin of Peroneus (Fibularis) longus | head and lateral shaft of fibula (upper 2/3)
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| Insertion of Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus | base of first metatarsal and first (medial) cuneiform on plantar surface
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| Action of Peroneus (fibularis) longus | eversion of foot and assist dorsiflexion of ankle
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| peroneus (fibularis) longus innervated by | Superficial peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1)
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| Peroneus longus traverses the sole of the foot to meet this muscle's tendon that forms a stirrup for the foot | tibialis anterior
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| Origin of Peroneus (fibualris) brevis | lateral shaft of fibula (lower 2/3)
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| insertion of peroneus (fibularis) brevis | base of 5th metatarsal
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| action of peroneus brevis | eversion of foot and assists in plantar flexion of ankle
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| peroneus brevis is innervated by | superficial peroneal nerve (L4,5, S1)
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| Foot evertors are especially helpful when walking on | uneven surfaces
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| if the peroneus brevis "gives out" it can result in | a sprained ligamen
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| Origin of peroneus(fibularis) tertius | anterior distal fibula (with the extensor digitorum longus)
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| insertion of peroneus (fibularis) tertius | base of 5th metatarsal
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| action of peroneus (fibularis) tertius | eversion of foot and assists in dorsiflexion
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| peroneus (fibularis0 tertius is innervated by | deep peroneal nerve (L4, 5, S1)
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| The muscle functions to place the foot flat on the ground by raising the lateral border | peroneus (fibularis) tertius
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| Muscles of the foot layer 1 | Abductor hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi
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| Abductor Hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis are innervated by | medial plantar nerve
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| abductor digiti minimi is innervated by | lateral plantar nerve
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| Muscles of the foot layer 2 | Lumbricals and quadratus plantae
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| Lumbricals are innervated by | 1st-medial plantar nerve2nd, 3rd, 4th-lateral plantar nerve
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| quadratus plantae innervated by | lateral plantar nerve
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| muscles of the foot layer 3 | Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis
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| flexor hallucis brevis innervated by | medial plantar nerve
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| adductor hallucis and flexor digiti minimi brevis are innervated by | lateral plantar nerve
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| Muscles of the foot layer 4 | dorsal inerossei (4), plantar interossei (3)
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| Dorsal interossei and plantar interossei are innervated by | lateral plantar nerve
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| Lateral rotators of the hip | Pififormis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, gluteus maximus, sartorius
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| medial rotators of the hip | gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, adductor magnus-anterior head
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| extensors of the hip | gluteus maximus, biceps femoris (long head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus-posterior head
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| flexors of the hip | psoas major and iliacus, pectineus, tensor fasciae latae, adductor brevis,adductor longus, adductor magnus, rectus femoris, sartorius
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| abductors of the hip | gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius
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| adductors of the hip | adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus
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| lateral rotator of knee | biceps femoris
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| medial rotators of the knee | semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus, gracilis, sartorius
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| extensor of the knee | vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae
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| flexors of the knee | bicepts femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus
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| dorsiflexors of the ankle | tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus,peroneus (fibularis) tertius, extensor hallucis longus
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| plantarflexors of the ankle | gastrocnemius, soleus,plantaris, peroneus (fibularis) longus, peroneus (fibularis)brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
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| invertors of the foot | tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
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| evertors of the foot | fibularis tertius, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
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| Origin of rectus abdominus | pubis symphysis and crest
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| insertion of rectus abdominus | costal cartilage of ribs 5,6,7 and the xiphoid process
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| action of rectus abdominus | flexion of the trunk, supports compression of abdominal contents
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| rectus abdominus is innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12
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| Small triangular muscle located at the inferior end of the rectus abdominus and present in most persons. Contraction of this muscle puts traction of the linea alba (white line) | pyramidalis
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| Ventral midline fibrous band extending from the xiphoid process to the pubis and is the midline union of the aponeurotic sheaths which cover the abdominal muscles | linea alba
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| divides each rectus into three or four bellies | tendinous intersections
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| Origin of external oblique | lower 8 ribs
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| insertion of external oblique | linea alba, pubis, anterior iliac crest
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| action of external oblique | bilaterally-flexion of trunk, compression of abdominal contentsunilaterally-lateral flexion, rotation of trunk to opposite side
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| external obliques innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12, L1-iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
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| Direction of muscle fibers of external oblique | obliquely downward
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| most superficial side muscle | external oblique
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| origin of external oblique interdigitates with | serratus anterior
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| three abdominal muscles | external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
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| aponeuroses of three abdominal muscles form | the rectus sheath
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| broad tendinous insertions | aponeuroses
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| origin of internal oblique | inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, thracolumbar aponeurosis
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| insertion of internal oblique | costal cartilages of lower 4 ribs, abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba
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| action of internal oblique | bilaterally-flexion of trunk, compression of abdominal contentsunilaterally-lateral flexion, rotation of trunk to same side
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| internal oblique innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T8-T12, L1-iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
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| Direction of fibers of internal oblique | obliquely upward and medialward
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| origin of transverse abdominis | inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
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| insertion of transverse abdominis | abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba, pubis
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| action of transverse abdominis | compression of abdominal contents
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| transverse abdominis innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12, L1-iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
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| deepest of the abdominal muscles and the only abdominal muscle to run crosswise (horizontally medialward) | transverse abdominis
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| origin of quadratus lumborum | posterior iliac crest
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| insertion of quadratus lumborum | 12th rib, transverse process of lumbar vertebrae 1-4
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| action of quadratus lumborum | lateral flexion of trunk OR raises hip
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| quadratus lumborum is innervated by | ventral rami T12-L1-4
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| Hip hiker | quadratus lumborum
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| origin or Piriformis | pelvis surface of sacrum
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| insertion of piriformis | greater trochanter of femur
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| pirformis innervated by | sacral plexus
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| action of piriformis | lateral rotator of hip and assist in abduction when hip is flexed
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| origin of quadratus femoris | tuberosity of ischium
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| insertion of quadratus femoris | quadrate line
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| quadratus femoris innervated | sacral plexus
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| origin of obturator internus | internal or pelvis surface of obturator membrane and margin of obturator foramen
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| insertion of obturator internus | greater trochanter
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| obturator internus innervated by | sacral plexus
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| origin of obturator externus | rami of pubis and ischium and external surface of obturator membrane
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| insertion of obturator externus | greater trochanter
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| obterator externus innervated by | obturator nerve
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| action of obturator internus and externus | lateral rotator of hipinternus-assist in abduction when hip is flexedexternus-assist in adduction when hip flexed
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| origin of gemellus superior | spine of ischium
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| insertion of gemellus superior | greater trochanter
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| gemellus superior innervated by | sacral plexus
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| origin of gemellus inferior | tuberosity of ischium
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| insertion of gemellus inferior | greater trochanter of femur
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| action of quadratus femoris | lateral rotator of hip and assist in adduction of hip joint
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| action of gemelli | lateral rotator of hip and assist in abduction when hip is flexed
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| Upper border of femoral triangle | inguinal ligament
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| lateral border of femoral triangle | medial border of sartorius muscle
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| medial border of femoral triangle | medial border of adductor longus
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| anterior wall (roof) of femoral triangle | fascia lata
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| posterior wall (floor) of femoral triangle | iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus, sometimes part of adductor brevis
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| apex of femoral triangle leads to | adductor canal
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| most lateral content of femoral triangle | femoral nerve
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| centrally located vessel | femoral artery pulse palpable
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| vein on femoral triangle | femoral vein
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| most medially located vessels of femoral triangle | lymphatics
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| Vessels of the femoral triangle are clinically used to | withdraw venous or arterial blood or as sites for parenteral injections
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|
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