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Gross Anatomy
Lower Limbs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Origin of Gluteus Maximus | Posterior Sacrum, Ilium (via ligamentous sheath) Superior gluteal line of ilium |
| Insertion of gluteus maximus | Gluteal tuberosity of femur, Iliotibial tract (which continues to attach to lateral condyle of tibia |
| Action Of gluteus maximus | Extension of femur at hip, lateral rotation of extended |
| Nerve for gluteus maximus | Inferior gluteal nerve |
| gluteal muscle used for power, as in going upstairs, rising from sitting position, climbing or running | gluteus maximus |
| Origin of Gluteus medius | Iliac crest, Ilium between superior and middle gluteal lines |
| Insertion of gluteus medius | Greater trochanter of femur |
| Action of gluteus medius | abduction, medial rotaion of femur at hip, stabilizes pelvis and prevents it from tilting to the unsupported side. |
| paralysis of this muscle on one side results in the"gluteus limp" | gluteus medius |
| Gluteus medius innervated by | Superior gluteal nerve |
| Origin of Gluteus minimus | Posterior ilium-between middle and inferior gluteal lines |
| Insertion of gluteus minimus | Anterior surface of greater trochanter |
| Action of gluteus minimus | abduction, medial rotation of femur at hip |
| Gluteus minimus innervated by | Superior gluteal nerve |
| these two muscles work together in abduction and medial rotation of the femur at the hip | gluteus medius and gluteus minimus |
| Iliopsoas muscle made up of two muscles | Psoas major and iliacus |
| Origin of psoas major | lumbar vertebrae- T12 thru L5 |
| Insertion of psoas major | Lesser trochanter of femur |
| Action of psoas major & iliacus (iliopsoas) | Flexion of femur at hip joint, if thigh is fixed flexion of trunk at hip joint |
| Origin of iliacus | Iliac fossa |
| Insertion of iliacus | lesser trochanter of the femur |
| Psoas major innervated by | L2, 3 directly |
| Iliacus innervated by | femoral nerve (L2,L3, L4) |
| the strongest hip flexor | iliopsoas |
| Psoas Minor | not present in most people. it is a small muscle with a long tendon lying in front of psoas major, originating from T12, inserting on the pelvic brim and innervated by L1 |
| Origin of Tensor Fasciae Latae | Iliac crest (posterior to anterior superior iliac spine) |
| Insertion of tensor fasciae latae | ITB (which continues to attach to lateral condyle of tibia) |
| Action of tensor fasciae latae | Prevents collapse of knee during ambulation |
| Tensor fasciae latae assists in the following actions | abduction, medial rotation, flexion of femur at hip and extension of knee |
| Tensor fasciae latae innervated by | Superior gluteal nerve |
| Origin of Sartorius | Anteror superior liliac spine |
| Insertion of Sartorius | upper medial shaft of tibia |
| Action of Sartorius | Assists flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of femur at hip, assists flexion, medial rotation of knee |
| Sartorius innervated by | Femoral nerve (L2, 3,4) |
| Longest muscle in the body. Most superficial thigh muscle, forms lateral border of the femoral triangle, only assists in actions | Sartorius |
| Quadriceps Femoris Group | Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis |
| Origin of Rectus femoris | Anterior inferior iliac spine, Ilium at upper rim of acetabulum |
| Insertion of Rectus Femoris | patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament |
| Action of rectus Femoris | Extension of knee, assists in flexion of femur at hip |
| Rectus femoris is innervated by | Femoral Nerve (L2, 3, 4) |
| Only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses both the hip and the knee joint. Combined actions are seen as the leg is brought forward in walking | Rectus femoris |
| Origin of Vastus medialis | Linea aspera on posterior femur |
| Origin of Vastus lateralis | Linea aspera on posterior femur and the greater trochanter of femur |
| Origin of Vastus intermedius | Anterior and lateral femoral shaft |
| Insertion of Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius | Patella, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament |
| Action of Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius | Extension of knee |
| Innervation of Quadriceps group | L2,3,4 |
| Origin of pectineus | Anterior pubis |
| Insertion of pectineus | Between lesser trochanter and linea aspera of posterior femur |
| Action of pectineus | Flexion of femur at hip and assists in adduction of femur at hip |
| Pectineus is innervated by | Femoral Nerve (L2,3,4) |
| Only adductor supplied by the femoral nerve. Uppermost muscle of the medial thigh | Pectineus |
| Forms the medial border of the femoral triangle | Adductor Longus |
| Origin of adductor longus and adductor brevis | Anterior pubis |
| Insertion of adductor longus and adductor brevis | Linea aspera on posterior femur |
| Adductor longus and adductor brevis are innervated by | Obturator (L3,4) |
| Muscle found deep to adductor longus | Adductor brevis |
| The largest and deepest adductor muscle of the thigh | Adductor Magnus |
| The femoral artery and femoral vein emerge from this to popliteal fossa behind the knee | Adductor hiatus |
| Origin of the adductor magnus anterior (adductor) head | Inferior ramus of pubis |
| Origin of the adductor magnus posterior (hamstring) head | Ischial tuberosity and ramus of ischium |
| Insertion of the anterior (adductor) head of the adductor magnus | adductor tubercle of the femur |
| Insertion of the posterior (hamstring) head of the adductor magnus | Linea aspera of the femur |
| Action of Adductor Magnus | Adduction of femur at hip |
| Action of Adductor Magnus Anterior Head | Assists flexion and medial rotation of femur at hip |
| Action of Adductor Magnus posterior head | assists extension and lateral rotation of femur at hip |
| Adductor magnus anterior head is innervated by | Obturator Nerve (L2,3,4) |
| Adductor Magnus posterior head is innervated by | Sciatic Nerve(L4,5,S1,2,3) |
| Origin of Gracilis | Inferior ramus of anterior pubis |
| Insertion of gracilis | medial proximal tibia |
| Action of gracilis | adduction of femur at hip, assists in flexion and medial rotation of flexed knee |
| Gracilis is Innervated by | Obturator Nerve (L2,3,4) |
| The most superficial and medial of the adductors | gracilis |
| The femoral shaft forms a letter "V" with this muscle | gracilis |
| Muscles of the hamstrings | Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| Origin of biceps femoris long head | ischial tuberosity |
| Origin of biceps femoris short head | Linea aspera |
| Insertion of biceps femoris | head of fibula (lateral aspect) |
| Action of biceps femoris long head | extension of hip |
| Action of biceps femoris (both heads) | flexion of knee, lateral rotation of flexed knee |
| Long head of biceps femoris is innervated by | Sciatic Nerve -tibial division (S1,2,3) |
| Short head of biceps femoris is innervated by | Sciatic Nerve-peroneal division (L5,S1,2) |
| Shortened hamstrings makes it hard to do this action | Touching toes while keeping knees extended |
| Origin of Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity |
| Insertion of semitendinosus | anterior proximal tibial shaft |
| Insertion of semimembranosus | posterior medial tibial condyle |
| Origin of semimembranosus | ischial tuberosity |
| Action of semimembranosus and semitendinosus | Extension of hip, flexion of the knee, medial rotation of the flexed knee |
| Semimembranosus and semitendinosus are innervated by | Sciatic nerve (L5,S1,2) |
| Origin of Gastrocnemius | Medial Head-medial epicondyle of femurLateral Head-lateral epicondyle of femur |
| Insertion of gastrocnemius | calcaneus via tendo Achilles |
| Action of gastrocnemius | Plantarflexion of the ankle OR assist in flexion of knee |
| Gastrocnemius is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (S1,2) |
| This muscle raises the heel during running and jumping | gastrocnemius |
| Origin of soleus | Soleal line of tibia and the posterior head and upper shaft of the fibula |
| Insertion of Soleus | Calcaneus via tendo Achilles |
| Action of soleus | plantar flexion of ankle |
| Soleus is innervated by | Tibial nerve (S1,2) |
| These two muscles, together, are known as the triceps surae | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| Origin of the plantaris | lateral epicondyle of the femur |
| Insertion of the plantaris | Calcaneus via tendo Achilles |
| Action of the plantaris | Assists in plantarflexion of ankle and assists in flexion of the knee |
| Plantaris is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (L4,5,S1) |
| The lower extremity counterpart to the palmaris longus and is missing in some persons. | Plantaris |
| the plantaris lies between these two muscles | soleus and gastrocnemius |
| Origin of the popliteus | Lateral condyle of femur |
| Insertion of popliteus | posterior proximal tibial shaft |
| Action of popliteus | Initiates knee flexion by medial rotation of tibia to "unlock" extended knee |
| Popliteus is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (L5, S1) |
| The key that umlocks the knee | popliteus |
| Origin of Tibialis Posterior | posterior tibia, posterior fibula, interosseous membrane |
| Insertion of tibialis posterior | navicular and adjacent tarsals and metatarsals on plantar surface |
| Action of tibialis posterior | Inversion of foot and assists in plantarflexion of ankle |
| tibialis posterior is innervated by | Tibial nerve (L5, S1) |
| The tendon of this muscle is the most anterior and superficial that course around the medial malleolus | tibialis posterior |
| Tom Dick and Harry | tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus |
| "Tom" of Tom, Dick and Harry | Tibialis Posterior |
| Origin of Flexor Digitorum Longus | posterior tibia |
| Insertion of flexor digitorum longus | distal phalanges of 4 lateral toes on plantar surface |
| Action of flexor digitorum longus | Flexion of 4 lateral toes at DIP joints and assists plantar flexion of ankle |
| Flexor digitorum longus is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (l5, S1) |
| "Dick" of the Tom, Dick and Harry | Flexor Digitorum longus |
| Comparable to the flexor digitorum profundus in the hand | Flexor Digitorum Longus |
| Origin of Flexor Hallucis Longus | Posterior fibula |
| Insertion of Flexor Hallicus Longus | Distal Phalanx of great toe |
| Action of flexor hallucis longus | flexion of great toe at IP joint and assists in plantar flexion of the ankle |
| Flexor Hallucis Longus is innervated by | Tibial Nerve (L5, S1, 2) |
| Harry of the calf muscles | Flexor hallicus longus |
| Origin of Tibialis ANterior | lateral condyle and lateral shaft of tibia, interosseous membrane |
| Insertion of tibialis anterior | Base of 1st metatarsal, plantar surface and first (medial) cuneiform bone, plantar surface |
| Action of tibialis anterior | dorsiflexion of ankle and inversion of foot |
| Tibialis anterior innervated by | Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5, S1) |
| Paralysis of this muscle causes "foot drop" | tibialis anterior |
| "shin splints" involve this muscle | Tibialis anterior |
| Origin of extensor hallucis longus | Anterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane |
| Insertion of Extensor hallucis longus | base of distal phalanx of the great toe |
| action of extensor hallucis longus | extension of the great toe at IP joint and assists dorsiflexion of ankle |
| Extensor hallucis is innervated by | Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1) |
| Comparable to the extensor pollicis longus in hand | extensor hallucis longus |
| Origin of extensor digitorum longus | lateral condyle of tibia and proximal 2/3 of anterior shaft of fibula |
| Insertion of extensor digitorum longus | middle and distal phalanges of 4 lateral toes |
| Action of extensor digitorum longus | extention of 4 lateral toes at MP joints and assists dorsiflexion of ankle |
| extensor digitorum longus innervated by | deep peroneal nerve |
| comparable to the extensor digitorum in the hand and its tendons comprise the extensor expansion of the foot | extensor digitorum longus |
| Origin of Peroneus (Fibularis) longus | head and lateral shaft of fibula (upper 2/3) |
| Insertion of Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus | base of first metatarsal and first (medial) cuneiform on plantar surface |
| Action of Peroneus (fibularis) longus | eversion of foot and assist dorsiflexion of ankle |
| peroneus (fibularis) longus innervated by | Superficial peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1) |
| Peroneus longus traverses the sole of the foot to meet this muscle's tendon that forms a stirrup for the foot | tibialis anterior |
| Origin of Peroneus (fibualris) brevis | lateral shaft of fibula (lower 2/3) |
| insertion of peroneus (fibularis) brevis | base of 5th metatarsal |
| action of peroneus brevis | eversion of foot and assists in plantar flexion of ankle |
| peroneus brevis is innervated by | superficial peroneal nerve (L4,5, S1) |
| Foot evertors are especially helpful when walking on | uneven surfaces |
| if the peroneus brevis "gives out" it can result in | a sprained ligamen |
| Origin of peroneus(fibularis) tertius | anterior distal fibula (with the extensor digitorum longus) |
| insertion of peroneus (fibularis) tertius | base of 5th metatarsal |
| action of peroneus (fibularis) tertius | eversion of foot and assists in dorsiflexion |
| peroneus (fibularis0 tertius is innervated by | deep peroneal nerve (L4, 5, S1) |
| The muscle functions to place the foot flat on the ground by raising the lateral border | peroneus (fibularis) tertius |
| Muscles of the foot layer 1 | Abductor hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi |
| Abductor Hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis are innervated by | medial plantar nerve |
| abductor digiti minimi is innervated by | lateral plantar nerve |
| Muscles of the foot layer 2 | Lumbricals and quadratus plantae |
| Lumbricals are innervated by | 1st-medial plantar nerve2nd, 3rd, 4th-lateral plantar nerve |
| quadratus plantae innervated by | lateral plantar nerve |
| muscles of the foot layer 3 | Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis |
| flexor hallucis brevis innervated by | medial plantar nerve |
| adductor hallucis and flexor digiti minimi brevis are innervated by | lateral plantar nerve |
| Muscles of the foot layer 4 | dorsal inerossei (4), plantar interossei (3) |
| Dorsal interossei and plantar interossei are innervated by | lateral plantar nerve |
| Lateral rotators of the hip | Pififormis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, gluteus maximus, sartorius |
| medial rotators of the hip | gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, adductor magnus-anterior head |
| extensors of the hip | gluteus maximus, biceps femoris (long head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus-posterior head |
| flexors of the hip | psoas major and iliacus, pectineus, tensor fasciae latae, adductor brevis,adductor longus, adductor magnus, rectus femoris, sartorius |
| abductors of the hip | gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius |
| adductors of the hip | adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus |
| lateral rotator of knee | biceps femoris |
| medial rotators of the knee | semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus, gracilis, sartorius |
| extensor of the knee | vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae |
| flexors of the knee | bicepts femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus |
| dorsiflexors of the ankle | tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus,peroneus (fibularis) tertius, extensor hallucis longus |
| plantarflexors of the ankle | gastrocnemius, soleus,plantaris, peroneus (fibularis) longus, peroneus (fibularis)brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus |
| invertors of the foot | tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior |
| evertors of the foot | fibularis tertius, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis |
| Origin of rectus abdominus | pubis symphysis and crest |
| insertion of rectus abdominus | costal cartilage of ribs 5,6,7 and the xiphoid process |
| action of rectus abdominus | flexion of the trunk, supports compression of abdominal contents |
| rectus abdominus is innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12 |
| Small triangular muscle located at the inferior end of the rectus abdominus and present in most persons. Contraction of this muscle puts traction of the linea alba (white line) | pyramidalis |
| Ventral midline fibrous band extending from the xiphoid process to the pubis and is the midline union of the aponeurotic sheaths which cover the abdominal muscles | linea alba |
| divides each rectus into three or four bellies | tendinous intersections |
| Origin of external oblique | lower 8 ribs |
| insertion of external oblique | linea alba, pubis, anterior iliac crest |
| action of external oblique | bilaterally-flexion of trunk, compression of abdominal contentsunilaterally-lateral flexion, rotation of trunk to opposite side |
| external obliques innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12, L1-iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve |
| Direction of muscle fibers of external oblique | obliquely downward |
| most superficial side muscle | external oblique |
| origin of external oblique interdigitates with | serratus anterior |
| three abdominal muscles | external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis |
| aponeuroses of three abdominal muscles form | the rectus sheath |
| broad tendinous insertions | aponeuroses |
| origin of internal oblique | inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, thracolumbar aponeurosis |
| insertion of internal oblique | costal cartilages of lower 4 ribs, abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba |
| action of internal oblique | bilaterally-flexion of trunk, compression of abdominal contentsunilaterally-lateral flexion, rotation of trunk to same side |
| internal oblique innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T8-T12, L1-iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve |
| Direction of fibers of internal oblique | obliquely upward and medialward |
| origin of transverse abdominis | inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12 |
| insertion of transverse abdominis | abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba, pubis |
| action of transverse abdominis | compression of abdominal contents |
| transverse abdominis innervated by | ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12, L1-iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve |
| deepest of the abdominal muscles and the only abdominal muscle to run crosswise (horizontally medialward) | transverse abdominis |
| origin of quadratus lumborum | posterior iliac crest |
| insertion of quadratus lumborum | 12th rib, transverse process of lumbar vertebrae 1-4 |
| action of quadratus lumborum | lateral flexion of trunk OR raises hip |
| quadratus lumborum is innervated by | ventral rami T12-L1-4 |
| Hip hiker | quadratus lumborum |
| origin or Piriformis | pelvis surface of sacrum |
| insertion of piriformis | greater trochanter of femur |
| pirformis innervated by | sacral plexus |
| action of piriformis | lateral rotator of hip and assist in abduction when hip is flexed |
| origin of quadratus femoris | tuberosity of ischium |
| insertion of quadratus femoris | quadrate line |
| quadratus femoris innervated | sacral plexus |
| origin of obturator internus | internal or pelvis surface of obturator membrane and margin of obturator foramen |
| insertion of obturator internus | greater trochanter |
| obturator internus innervated by | sacral plexus |
| origin of obturator externus | rami of pubis and ischium and external surface of obturator membrane |
| insertion of obturator externus | greater trochanter |
| obterator externus innervated by | obturator nerve |
| action of obturator internus and externus | lateral rotator of hipinternus-assist in abduction when hip is flexedexternus-assist in adduction when hip flexed |
| origin of gemellus superior | spine of ischium |
| insertion of gemellus superior | greater trochanter |
| gemellus superior innervated by | sacral plexus |
| origin of gemellus inferior | tuberosity of ischium |
| insertion of gemellus inferior | greater trochanter of femur |
| action of quadratus femoris | lateral rotator of hip and assist in adduction of hip joint |
| action of gemelli | lateral rotator of hip and assist in abduction when hip is flexed |
| Upper border of femoral triangle | inguinal ligament |
| lateral border of femoral triangle | medial border of sartorius muscle |
| medial border of femoral triangle | medial border of adductor longus |
| anterior wall (roof) of femoral triangle | fascia lata |
| posterior wall (floor) of femoral triangle | iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus, sometimes part of adductor brevis |
| apex of femoral triangle leads to | adductor canal |
| most lateral content of femoral triangle | femoral nerve |
| centrally located vessel | femoral artery pulse palpable |
| vein on femoral triangle | femoral vein |
| most medially located vessels of femoral triangle | lymphatics |
| Vessels of the femoral triangle are clinically used to | withdraw venous or arterial blood or as sites for parenteral injections |
Created by:
chengel
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