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Review for written test on skeletal system

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Question
Answer
What are the factors influencing the stability of a joint?   shape, size, arrangement of articular surfaces, number & positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone   show    
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What are the functional classifications of joints? 1   synarthroses, amphiarthroses, Diarthroses   show    
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What are the structural classifications of joints? 1   fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial     show  
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Name and describe the classifications of fibrous joints 3   sutures: found only in skull, short connective fibers ossify in adulthood creating bony joint   syndesmoses: sheet of fibrous tissue connects the bone   show  
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name and describe the classifications of cartilaginous joints 2   syncondroses: untied by hyaline cartilage   symphses: united by articular cartilage which is fused to an intervening pad of fibro cartilage   show  
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what structures make up the terrible triad 1   Tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament     show  
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name and describe the types of angular movements 3   Flexion: angle between bones decreases Extension: angle between bones increases   show abduction: movement away from midline adduction: movement towards midline    
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name and describe the types of special movements 3   show pronation: moving forearm so that palm faces posteriorly inversion: sole of foot is turned medially eversion: sole of the foot is turned laterally   protraction: forward movement in plane retraction: backward movement in plane elevation: moving superiorly along frontal plant depression: moving inferiorly along frontal plane    
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what is a bursae? 1   Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid     show  
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what are the 3 types of bone cells? 1   show      
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what are the functions of the skeletal system? 1   support, protection, movement, storage (fat & minerals), and blood cell formation       show
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describe the steps in intramembranous ossification 3   1) Formation of spongy bone within fibrous membrane: usually has only 1 ossification center 2) Osteoblasts secrete matrix which mineralizes and traps the cells into lacunae (osteocytes)   3) formation of periosteum- mesenchyme condenses on the outside of membrane and becomes the periosteum   show  
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Primary ossification 4   1) osteoblasts of the periosteum secrete matrix: matrix mineralizes and traps the osteoblasts so that they are now osteocytes: this later of compact bone is called bone collar   2) Chondrocytes in the shaft hypertrophy and secrete alkaline phosphatase to mineralized the matrix: as the matrix calcifies, nutrients are unable to diffuse in and the chondrocytes die alone with cartilage matrix: cavities form in bone   show 4) Ossification centers spread proximally and distally: osteoclasts break down spongy bone to form the medullary cavity 5) at birth, long bones have a bony diaphysis surrounding a medullary cavity the epiphyses are made of cartilage  
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show Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses   secondary ossification is the same as primary ossification except that the spongy bone in the interior is retained   when secondary ossification is complete, cartilage remains only as articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate    
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describe longitudinal growth 3   1) mitosis occurs at the distal face of the epiphyseal plate 2) chondrocytes at the proximal face hypertrophy and die: the matrix deteriorates   show the epiphyseal plate will eventually be replaced by bone: growth stops when the bone of the epiphyses and diaphysis fuse    
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what are the ages that longitudinal growth stops? 1   Females- 18 males-21     show  
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show 1) osteoblasts beneath the periosteum secrete matrix: grooves on the bone surface form the central canals of the Haversian canals   2) osteoclasts destroy compact bone closest to the medullary cavity, but slower rate   3) BC process is slow, it produces stronger, thicker bones, but keeps them from becoming too heavy    
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what four hormones control longitudinal growth 1   T3, T4, growth hormone, and somatomedin   show    
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what is the osteoid seam? 1   unmineralized band of bone matrix that reveals the site of new matrix deposition   show    
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what is the calcification front? 1   abrupt transition between osteoid seam and old bone       show
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Describe the negative feedback hormonal mechanism that controls bone remodeling 1   PTH is release from parathyroid glands, inhibits reabsorption, increases CA in blood, stimulates release of Calcitonin, stimulates reabsorption, decreased CA in blood, stimulates release of PTH   show    
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what are the normal blood and body calcium levels? 1   show      
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show bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or stressors placed on it        
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give evidence that supports wolff's law 3   show Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle   fetuses and bedridden ppl have featureless bones    
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describe the repair process of bone 1   1) hematoma formation 2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3) bony callus formation 4) remodeling   show    
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show Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature kyphosis: dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature Lordosis: accentuated lumber curvature   Herniated disc: usually involved rupture of the annulus fibrosis followed by protrusion of the nucleus pulposis: can press on cord and cause numbness, pain, or destruction of nervous structures      
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hip dysplasia 1   show      
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cleft palate 1   show      
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sprain 1   ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn   show    
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dislocation 1   bone is forced out of its normal position in a joint cavity       show
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bursitis 1   inflammation of a bursa caused by excessive stress or friction     show  
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tendonitis 1   inflammation of tendon sheaths       show
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osteomalacia 1   bones are inadequately mineralized       show
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show osteomalacia in children: causes bowed legs and deformed pelvis        
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osteoporosis 1   bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition: bones become more porous and more susceptible to fracture       show
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paget's disease 1   excessive and abnormal bone reabsorption and formation: pagetic bone has lots of spongy bone and as much compact bone: eventually osteoclasts cease functioning and causes bone thickening and filly of medullary cavity with bone   show    
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3 types of arthritis 1   Osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis   show    
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crepitus 1   show      
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show Chronic inflammatory disorder: synovial membrane thickens and synovial fluid accumulates causing joint swelling: eventually the cartilage erodes and fibroblasts make fibrous tissue that connects bone ends        
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(Rheumatoid arthritis) age of onset and symptoms 1   30-40 anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems   show    
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pannus 1   show      
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ankylosis 1   tissue ossifies and bones become fused     show  
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what are the functions of the fontanels? 1   accommodate brain growth and allow infant head to be compressed during birth   show    
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when do the fontanels close? 1   occipital, sphenoidal, and mastoid close by age 1 and frontal close by age 2   show    
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Primary curvatures 1   Thoracic and sacral     show  
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secondary curvatures and when do they develop? 1   Cervical: baby holds head up lumbar: baby stands and walks   show    
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