Absolutism and Constitutionalism in the East and the West
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| What is absolutism | centralized government authority that allowed a king to rule iwth greater power and control, without limitation from other sources of authority of power
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| What is constitutionalism | limitation of power of government by law, including the protection of rights
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| When was Henry IV crowned? | 1589
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| What were some of the things that Henry IV did? | solved problems reduced taxes; issued the Edict of Nantes
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| Which European country was the first to fully adopt absolutism? Who is considered the greatest absolute monarch? | France; Louis XIV
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| Which countries in western Europe adopted constitutionalism? | England and Netherlands
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| How and when did Henry IV die? | murdered in 1610 by CAtholic fanatic
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| Who was Cardinal Richelieu? | became part of the council who ruled during Louis XIII's regency; handled many of the responsibilities that should have belonged to the king
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| What was cardinal Richelieu's viewpoint on absolutism | believed that there should be a total subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy; crushed opposition
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| Why did Richelieu hire Intendants? | hired from new judicial nobility, sent oto districts away from their homes, directly responsible to the king
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| What did Richelieu do in 1627? | ended Huguenot politics and military independence; siege and fall of the La Rochelle
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| What were some of the ways the French state was strengthened? | standardization of FRench language; tough anti-Habsburg foreign policy; intendants
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| What was the "raison d'etat"? | (reason of state) used by Richelieu to justify actions of the state that would otherwise be judged as immoral if committed by a commoner
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| Who replace Richelieu in 1642 | Cardinal Mazarin
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| When did Louis XIV come to power? | 1643
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| What was a result of centralization in Louis XIV rule? | the Frond (civil war 1648-1653)
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| What did Louis XIV make the nobles do in order to increase his power? | convinced them to spend time at Versailles and kept them busy
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| What are other ways that louis XIV increased his power? | chose councilors of state from recently ennobled and upper middle class; use secret police, spying, terror; recruited soldiers by impressment, conscription and lottery; hired foreign mercenaries
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| Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert | controller general of fincances
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| What is mercantilism | resources are limited, so export, but don't import and steal from your neighbors; profitable trading
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| what happened as a part of mercantilism? | peasants highly taxed; colonies (Quebec 1608)
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| When was the Edict of Nantes revoked and why was it revoked? | 1685; Louis XIV believed that there should be "one king, one law, one faith"
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| What was an effect of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes | exile immigration hurt FRance's economy
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| What was French Classicism | resembled art of Renaissance Italy; great court ceremonies and daily rituals; drama (Moliere and Racine)
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| Who was france eventually defeated by during their expanse of territory? | Holland
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| what happened during the second half of Louis XIV's reign? | bankrupted by continual wars that were often not successful
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| What was Spain like at the end of the Habsburgs? | lacked a middle class; expensive wars; government rules made business difficult; poor royal leadership
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| Describe Charles II of Spain | physically and mentally defective; generation of interbreeding-his parents were more closely related than a normal brother & sister
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| What was the war of the spanish succession? | things weren't right with Charles II and he didn't have an heir; European powers decided to divide the Spanish empire between France and hre (1698)
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| AFter Charles II's death what happened to Spain? | Spanish Empire went to Louis XIV's grandson Philip of Anjou
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| What was a result of the Charles will | dutch, english, austrians and prussians formed the grand alliance again Louis XIV; in Utrecht 1713, decided that Spain and France would never be united
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| Who was the big winner in the war of the spanish succession | england
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| What was the Peace of Utrecht 1713? | beginning of "balance of power principle; completion of spain decline; spain and france would never be united
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| Constitutionalism is not ___ | democratic
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| Elizabeth I | political shrewdness and skill allowed her to exercise a lot of power, worked with Parliament (last Tudor monarch
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| Henry VII | involves parliament indecision for reformation
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| James I of Scotland | (Elizabeth I's cousin); new Stuart dynasty
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-tried to be absolutist
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| How were economics in Enlgand | growing faster than inflation; better agricultural techniques; government allowed and supported commerce;
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| What was the house of lords? | all nobles; wealthy through commercer
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| house of commons | middle class;
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| How did James I see parliament | as a threat; made it his enemy by lecturing it on absolutism
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| What did parliament want | political power equal with their economic power
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| religion in England | dominant religious groups that were Calvinist by the early 1600's were dissatisfied with the church of England
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| the more zealous calvinists were | puritans; didn't believe Henry VIII and Elizabeth I had gone far enough
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| what was the protestant ethic | emphasized hard work sobriety, thrift, linked sin with poverty, weakness
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| (1625-1649); calvinist, but imposed rituals like C of E; dissolved parliament in 1629, but needed money to fight scots in 1640
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| What did Charles I imposition of prayer book and bishops on Presbyterian Scots lead to | revolt
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| What was the "Long Parliament" | 1640-1660; commons passed triennial act without the approval of the king; threatened to abolish biships
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| What was the triennial act | parliament meets every 3 yrs.
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| What did the "Long Parliament" lead to | irish revolution
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| English Civil WAr | Parliament and Charles fought for soverignety
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| What happened to charles | was executed by parliament in 1649
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| What was the interregnum? | 1649-1660; no king; parliament; coucil of state
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| Who was oliver cromwell | controlled the army during the interregnum; the "Lord Protector"; tore up contitution and ruled as military dictator using army
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| What was the restoration? | 1658; people wanted stability and were weary of military government & attempts to create a community of puritanical saints (like Geneva); Charles II recalled from France
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| What were the unresolved issues of the restoration | status of various Christian groups; relation ship between king & parliament
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| What was the secret agreement with Louis XIV? | because parliament did not provide enough funds to Charles he mad a secret agreement with Louis XIV for 200,000 pounds a year
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| James II (1685-1688) | appointed Catholics to important positions in violation of law; wife had a son- fear of Catholic absolutist dynasty in French Style
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| What happened during the glorious revolution? | sovereignty divided between king & parliament; Mary and William signed English Bill of rights;
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| Why was it called the glorious revolution? | solved with not really any bloodshed
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| What was the british government after the Bill of rights? | parliament represented the upper classes; became more democratic; cabinet system developed; king became less involved over time
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| What was the cabinet system | leading minsters formulate common policy & conduct the business of the country
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| Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan. What were his beliefs? | the monarch gets power from the people; kings have absolute power but not divine right
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| John Locke wrote the second treatise of civil government. What did he believe | the role of government is to protect natural rights; does have to be tyrannical
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| What happened during the Dutch Golden Age | religious toleration; much achievement; states general;toleration of Jews; Dutch East India Company
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| What were regents | handled domestic affairs in the states
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| What was the states general | handled foreign affairs; appointed a representative in each province; dominated by Holland; monarchy remained, but middle-class ran government;
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