thibodeau a&p
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| the central nervous system | composed of the brain and spinal cord
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| the peripheral nervous system | composed of nerves extending to the outlying or peripheral parts of the body
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| autonomic nervous system | a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of structures that regulate the body's autonomic or involuntary functions
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| neurons | nerve cells that conduct impulses
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| glia | support cells that support neurons by holding them together
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| cell body | the main part of the neuron
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| dendrites | branching projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies
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| axon | one elongated projection from the cell body that transmits impulses away from the cell body
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| sensory neurons | transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Also called afferent neurons.
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| motor neurons | transmit impulses away from the spinal cord and brain to muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. Also called efferent neurons.
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| interneurons | conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
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| myelin | white, fatty substance formed by schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside the CNS
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| nodes of Ranvier | indentations between adjacent schwann cells
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| neurilemma | the outer cell membrane of a schwann cell; play an important role in the regeneration of cut or injured axons
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| glioma | a common type of brain tumor
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| astrocytes | star-shaped glia cells that have extensions that attach to blood vessels in the brain
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| blood brain barrier | two-layer structure that separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals in the blood
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| microglia | smaller than astrocytes; act as microbe-eating scavengers by helping clean up cell damage resulting from injury or disease
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| oligodendrocytes | help hold nerve fibers together and produce the fatty myelin sheaths that envelope nerve fibers in the CNS
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| schwann cells | glia cells that also form myelin sheaths, but only in the PNS
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| nerve | a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together; they usually have a myelin sheath and appear white
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| tracts | bundles of axons in the CNS that are myelinated and form the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
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| gray matter | brain and spinal cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmylinated axons
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| endoneurium | thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each axon
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| fasicles | groups of wrapped axons
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| perineurium | thin, fibrous covering of fasicles
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| epineurium | tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve
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| action potentials | nerve impulses that travel over routes made of neurons
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| reflex arc | the basic type of neuron pathway
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| two-neuron arc | pathway that consists of sensory and motor neurons
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| three-neuron arc | pathways that consists of sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons
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| receptors | the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons
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| ganglion | a group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS
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| synapse | a space separating the axon ending from the dendrites of another neuron
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| effectors | muscles or glands that form a synapse with a motor neuron axon which puts the nerve signals into effect
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| reflex | response to nerve conduction over a reflex arc
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| nerve impulse | a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron's plasma membrane; has to be initiated by a stimulus
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| synaptic knob | a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon; contain vesicles that contain neurotransmitters
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron where neurotransmitters are released
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| neurotransmitters | chemicals by which neurons communicate
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| medulla oblongata | the lowest part of the brainstem; contains white and gray matter that form the reticular formation (net-like)
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| pons and midbrain | parts of the brainstem that contain white matter with scattered bits of gray matter
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| reflex centers | located in the medulla; impulses from these centers control heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter
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| cerebellum | 2nd larges part of the brain; it allows for a huge amount of information processing and plays an essential part in the production of normal movements
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| arbor vitae | white matter tracts of the cerebellum that branch into a tree-like patterm
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| diencephalon | a small part of the brain located below the cerebellum and above the midbrain.
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| 3 parts of the diencephalon | hypothalamus, thalamus, and the pineal gland
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| hypothalamus | exerts major control over virtually all internal organs; maintains the body's water balance through antidiuretic hormone
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| thalamus | dumbell-shaped section of gray matter that produces sensations of pleasantness and unpleasantness
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| pineal gland | receives sensory information about the strength of light seen by the eyes and adjust its output with melatonin
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| cerebrum | largest, uppermost part of the brain
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| gyri | ridges in the cerebrum
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| sulci | grooves of the cerebrum
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| fissures | deepest sulci
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| cerebral cortex | thin layer of gray matter make up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that forms the surface of the cerebrum
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| basal nuclei (basal ganglia) | islands of gray matter in the interior cerebrum that produce automatic movements and posture
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | a hemorrhage from or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels; a stroke
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| 17"-18" | length of spinal cord if you are of average height
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| 8 | number of cervical nerve pairs
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| 12 | number of thoracic nerve pairs
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| 5 | number of lumbar nerve pairs
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| 5 | number of sacral nerve pairs
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| 1 | number of coccygeal nerve pair
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| 31 | total number of spinal cord nerve pairs
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| 12 | number of cranial nerve pairs
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| ascending tracts | conduct impulses to the brain (sensory)
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| descending tracts | conduct impulses away from the brain (motor)
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| meninges | tough, fluid-containing membrane surrounding the spinal cord and brain
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| dura mater | the tough outer layer covering the brain
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| arachnoid mater | middle layer resembling a cobweb; contains CSF
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| pia mater | innermost layer covering the spinal cord itself
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| dermatomes | skin surface areas that are supplied by a single spinal nerve
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| two divisions of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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| autonomic neurons | motor neurons that make up the autonomic nervous system
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| ganglia | "junction boxes" where axons connect in the autonomic nervous system
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| preganglionic neurons | autonomic neurons that conduct impulses between the spinal cord and the ganglion
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| postganglionic neurons | the dendrites and cell bodies that connect the synapse from the preganglionic axons
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| autonomic or visceral effectors | the tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue)
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| sympathetic nervous system | functions as an emergency system; fight or flight response
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| parasympathetic nervous system | regulates functions that are autonomic or involuntary in ways that maintain or restore homeostasis
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mtuhacek
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