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the nervous system
thibodeau a&p
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the central nervous system | composed of the brain and spinal cord |
| the peripheral nervous system | composed of nerves extending to the outlying or peripheral parts of the body |
| autonomic nervous system | a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of structures that regulate the body's autonomic or involuntary functions |
| neurons | nerve cells that conduct impulses |
| glia | support cells that support neurons by holding them together |
| cell body | the main part of the neuron |
| dendrites | branching projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies |
| axon | one elongated projection from the cell body that transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| sensory neurons | transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Also called afferent neurons. |
| motor neurons | transmit impulses away from the spinal cord and brain to muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. Also called efferent neurons. |
| interneurons | conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons |
| myelin | white, fatty substance formed by schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside the CNS |
| nodes of Ranvier | indentations between adjacent schwann cells |
| neurilemma | the outer cell membrane of a schwann cell; play an important role in the regeneration of cut or injured axons |
| glioma | a common type of brain tumor |
| astrocytes | star-shaped glia cells that have extensions that attach to blood vessels in the brain |
| blood brain barrier | two-layer structure that separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals in the blood |
| microglia | smaller than astrocytes; act as microbe-eating scavengers by helping clean up cell damage resulting from injury or disease |
| oligodendrocytes | help hold nerve fibers together and produce the fatty myelin sheaths that envelope nerve fibers in the CNS |
| schwann cells | glia cells that also form myelin sheaths, but only in the PNS |
| nerve | a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together; they usually have a myelin sheath and appear white |
| tracts | bundles of axons in the CNS that are myelinated and form the white matter of the brain and spinal cord |
| gray matter | brain and spinal cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmylinated axons |
| endoneurium | thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each axon |
| fasicles | groups of wrapped axons |
| perineurium | thin, fibrous covering of fasicles |
| epineurium | tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve |
| action potentials | nerve impulses that travel over routes made of neurons |
| reflex arc | the basic type of neuron pathway |
| two-neuron arc | pathway that consists of sensory and motor neurons |
| three-neuron arc | pathways that consists of sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons |
| receptors | the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons |
| ganglion | a group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS |
| synapse | a space separating the axon ending from the dendrites of another neuron |
| effectors | muscles or glands that form a synapse with a motor neuron axon which puts the nerve signals into effect |
| reflex | response to nerve conduction over a reflex arc |
| nerve impulse | a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron's plasma membrane; has to be initiated by a stimulus |
| synaptic knob | a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon; contain vesicles that contain neurotransmitters |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron where neurotransmitters are released |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals by which neurons communicate |
| medulla oblongata | the lowest part of the brainstem; contains white and gray matter that form the reticular formation (net-like) |
| pons and midbrain | parts of the brainstem that contain white matter with scattered bits of gray matter |
| reflex centers | located in the medulla; impulses from these centers control heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter |
| cerebellum | 2nd larges part of the brain; it allows for a huge amount of information processing and plays an essential part in the production of normal movements |
| arbor vitae | white matter tracts of the cerebellum that branch into a tree-like patterm |
| diencephalon | a small part of the brain located below the cerebellum and above the midbrain. |
| 3 parts of the diencephalon | hypothalamus, thalamus, and the pineal gland |
| hypothalamus | exerts major control over virtually all internal organs; maintains the body's water balance through antidiuretic hormone |
| thalamus | dumbell-shaped section of gray matter that produces sensations of pleasantness and unpleasantness |
| pineal gland | receives sensory information about the strength of light seen by the eyes and adjust its output with melatonin |
| cerebrum | largest, uppermost part of the brain |
| gyri | ridges in the cerebrum |
| sulci | grooves of the cerebrum |
| fissures | deepest sulci |
| cerebral cortex | thin layer of gray matter make up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that forms the surface of the cerebrum |
| basal nuclei (basal ganglia) | islands of gray matter in the interior cerebrum that produce automatic movements and posture |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | a hemorrhage from or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels; a stroke |
| 17"-18" | length of spinal cord if you are of average height |
| 8 | number of cervical nerve pairs |
| 12 | number of thoracic nerve pairs |
| 5 | number of lumbar nerve pairs |
| 5 | number of sacral nerve pairs |
| 1 | number of coccygeal nerve pair |
| 31 | total number of spinal cord nerve pairs |
| 12 | number of cranial nerve pairs |
| ascending tracts | conduct impulses to the brain (sensory) |
| descending tracts | conduct impulses away from the brain (motor) |
| meninges | tough, fluid-containing membrane surrounding the spinal cord and brain |
| dura mater | the tough outer layer covering the brain |
| arachnoid mater | middle layer resembling a cobweb; contains CSF |
| pia mater | innermost layer covering the spinal cord itself |
| dermatomes | skin surface areas that are supplied by a single spinal nerve |
| two divisions of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| autonomic neurons | motor neurons that make up the autonomic nervous system |
| ganglia | "junction boxes" where axons connect in the autonomic nervous system |
| preganglionic neurons | autonomic neurons that conduct impulses between the spinal cord and the ganglion |
| postganglionic neurons | the dendrites and cell bodies that connect the synapse from the preganglionic axons |
| autonomic or visceral effectors | the tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue) |
| sympathetic nervous system | functions as an emergency system; fight or flight response |
| parasympathetic nervous system | regulates functions that are autonomic or involuntary in ways that maintain or restore homeostasis |
Created by:
mtuhacek
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