Exam Review questions for Exam #4

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The federal system goes a long way toward explaining why U.S. parties are ____________ than their European counterparts.

more decentralized

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In most states, candidates for office are chosen by

primary elections

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In Europe, almost the only way a person can become a candidate is by

party leaders

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What role do political parties play in the lives of most Americans?

most Americans separate political parties from other aspects of their lives.

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The Founders saw political parties as

factions motivated by ambition and self-interest.

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The first organized political party in American history was

made up of the followers of Jefferson

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The first Republican party, with its base of support in the South, was organized in the 1790s by

Thomas Jefferson

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Some were so distraught by the election of Thomas Jefferson that they

organized to have New England secede from the union

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The Federalist Party could not compete effectively in national elections because

it had such a limited sectional and class base

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In the Jacksonian era, for the first time a party system was built

from the bottom up

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Prior to 1824, presidential candidates were nominated by

caucuses comprising of members of Congress

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National party conventions were developed as a reform of

party caucuses

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The ______________, a faction of the Republican Party, were opposed to the patronage system and feared the influx of immigrants who could be incorporated into the political machine.

progressives

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Procedures such as the initiative and the referendum arose as efforts to give

citizens a direct say in making laws

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Scholars have identified___ critical or realigning periods in American politics.

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The three clearest cases of critical or realigning elections seem to be

1865, 1896, and 1932.

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What were major issues in the three clearest cases of critical or realigning periods?

slavery and economics

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The elections of Ronald Reagan could not have represented a realignment because

they left control of congress in the hands of the Democratic party

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In recent elections, ticket-splitting has been most common in the

south

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Ticket-splitting creates

divided government

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The national convention meets every ______ years to nominate a presidential candidate.

four

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Between the national conventions party affairs are managed by a ___________ made up of delegates from each state and territory.

national committee

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In Congress each party has a __________________ that helps members of Congress who are running for reelection or would-be members seeking election.

congressional campaign committee

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This person manages the day-to-day work of the party.

national chairman

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Beginning in the 1960s, the ________ became more bureaucratized, while the ___________became more factionalized.

republican party, democratic party

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The formula for the selection of delegates to the Republican national convention generally stresses the importance of ...

loyalty

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The term superdelegate refers to

elected officials and party leaders who are not required to pledge themselves in advance to a presidential candidate

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In 2004, over 40 percent of the delegates to the conventions of both parties

were born again christians

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What characterizes party machines?

a high degree of leadership control over member activity

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The________________made it illegal for federal civil service employees to take an active part in political campaigns.

Hatch Act of 1939

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Unlike political machines, ideological parties tend to be

factionalized

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Party organizations based on their members' enjoyment of the sociability of politics are referred to as

solidary parties

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Today, a person wanting to win an election will most often seek the support of a

personal following

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The most dramatic example of the winner-take-all principle in the U.S. electoral system is the

electoral college

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No third party is likely to win the presidency anytime soon because

they are too narrow and do not appeal to the majority of the people

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Americans tend to see Democrats as better at handling issues such as

poverty, the environment, and health care

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Americans tend to see the Republicans as better at handling such issues as

national defense, foreign trade and crime

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The most recent independent candidate for president who was able to get on the ballot in every state was

Ross Perot

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Eugene Debs of the Socialist Party won ____ percent of the vote in the presidential election of 1912

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George Wallace's American Independent Party was an example of a(n)

factional party

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National convention delegates, compared to their respective party members, tend to be

more “republican” or “democratic” they are more strongly liberal or conservative than the voters themselves

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A meeting of party followers at which convention delegates are picked is known as a

caucus

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A study of political ads broadcast from 1999 to 2004 found that the largest number emphasized

voters fears

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The text suggests that campaigning has become a synonym for

fundraising

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The elections that produce the largest voter turnout are the

presidential elections

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The first goal of an individual planning to run for office is to

get mentioned

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In 1980, Ronald Reagan chose _________ as a theme for his campaign.

competence

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Since 1962, over _____ percent of House incumbents who sought reelection won it.

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When districts are so unequal that the votes of citizens are significantly diluted, they are

malapportioned

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When districts are drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist candidates, they are

gerrymandered

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In 1911, Congress decided that the House had become large enough and voted to fix its size at

435

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The Constitution calls for reapportionment

every 10 years

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After the last two census adjustments, which state has benefited the most by gaining the highest number of seats in the House?

florida

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The increase in voter support that a member of the House receives in his or her first bid for reelection is referred to as the

sophomore surge

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Most newly elected members of the House can expect an increase of _________ percent more votes when they run for reelection.

8 to 10

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Who said, “All politics is local"?

Tip O’Neill

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One reason that the approach used by a candidate in a general election may not work in a primary is that a primary candidate must

play to the ideology of political activists

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To win the presidential nomination, as opposed to the general election, candidates generally present themselves as

more liberal if democratic, more conservative if republican

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Disputed congressional elections are decided by

congress

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Members of the House and Senate can say or write anything they like, without fear of being sued or prosecuted, so long as what they say is

related to the legislative process

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A ___________issue is one in which the rival candidates have opposing views on a question that also divides the voters.

position

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_______issues have increased in importance in campaigns in recent years.

valence

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The kind of campaign activity most notably on the increase in recent elections is

broadcasting

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You must declare in advance that you are a registered member of a political party in a ______-primary.

closed

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The drawback to candidates of television visuals and debates is

the risk of verbal slips

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One way for a candidate to avoid embarrassing slips of the tongue during campaigning is to

rely on stock speeches

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An advantage of direct-mail appeals is that they

can be directed at specific subgroups

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Funding of congressional elections comes from

private sources only

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Most of the money for congressional candidates comes from

individual donation

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Soft money is money that is obtained by

political parties

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History suggests that______percent of the presidential vote will go to the candidates of the two main parties.

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One advantage that incumbents always have over challengers is

their use of free mailing, or franks

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Many scholars argue that the foremost factor in determining how people vote is

party identification

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Democrats could be predicted to win every election if the only factor were

party identification

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Which party tends to be more loyal to its candidate in presidential elections?

republicans

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When a voter votes for the candidate whom he or she considers more likely to do a better job in office, the voting is referred to as

prospective voting

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The text suggests that political junkies are more likely to engage in ________voting.

prospective

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The text suggests that elections are decided by ______voters.

retrospective

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The Democrats appear to have lost their once-strong hold on which groups?

Catholics, southerners, and union members

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The text argues that the U.S. constitutional system was designed to make the adoption of radical departures in policy

difficult

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