Blood
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| Temperature of blood (Celcius) | 38 degrees
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| pH range of blood | 7.35-7.45
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| Three Major Plasma Proteins | Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
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| Albumins | Most abundant plasma protein, produced by liver, maintains osmotic pressure
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| Globulins | Plasma protein produced by lymphocytes, act as transport proteins and antibodies
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| Fibrogen | Plasma protein, functions in coagulation, converts to fibrin
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| Serum | Plasma without clotting factors
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| ____ of plasma proteins are synthesized by the ______. | 90%, liver
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| Plasma makes up __% of whole blood, while formed elements make up __% of whole blood volume | 55, 45
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| Plasma ratio: Water: __% Plasma Proteins: __% Other solutes: __% | 92,
7,
1,
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| Red blood cells make up __% of formed elements. | 99.9
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| Hematocrit | Ratio of RBC to whole blood
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| Hemoglobin: O2 binds to ______, while CO2 binds to _____. | heme, globular subunits
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| Lifespan of red blood cells | 120 days
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| Hemolysis | Rupture or destruction of red blood cells
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| What organ filters Hemoglobin? | Kidney
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| Where are most red blood cells phagocytized? | Liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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| Steps of Hemoglobin Recycling | 1. Globular proteins are broken down into amino acids
2. Heme is stripped of iron, converted to biliverdin
3.Iron can be stored or released into blood to bind with transferrin
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| Erythropoiesis | Red blood cell formation
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| Where does erythropoiesis occur? | Red bone marrow or myeloid tissue
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| Hemocytoblasts produce _________. | Myeloid stem cells
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| Agglutinogen | Antibodies/immunoglobins
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| Differential Test | Ratio of various leukocytes to determine what type of infection may be present in the body
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| Clotting Factors | Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin
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| What is required for eurythropoiesis? | Amino Acids, Iron, Vitamins (act as co-factors)
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| Afflutinin | Another term for antigen
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| Erythropoietin | EPO hormone secreted to stimulate red blood cell production when oxygen is low in peripheral tissues
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| Antigen | CELL surface marker
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| Antibody | Defense protein, stick to FOREIGN antigens (found in plasma)
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| Interstitial fluid | Fluid in space between cells. LOW in protein
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| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells, contain hemoglobin, lack nucleus (anucleate)
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| PRIMARY location of Leukocytes | Connective tissue other than blood
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| Diapedesis | Ability to move out of the blood stream (ex: property of leukocytes)
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| Granulocyte | Classification of leukocyte, has bizarre nucleus and granular cytoplasm
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| Agranulocyte | Classification of leukocyte, has round nucleus and no granules in cytoplasm
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| Neutrophils | Granulocytes, fight bacteria, stain pink, most common WBC variety (60%)
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| Lymphocytes | Agranulocytes, fight viruses, second most common WBC variety (30%)
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| Eosinophils | Granulocytes, stain red
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| Basophils | Granulocytes, stain dark blue/purple
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| Monocytes | Agranulocytes, known as macrophage outside of the blood
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| Thrombocytes | Platelets, cell fragments
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| Hemostasis | Stopping bleeding
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| Fibrinogen | Soluble, converts to fibrin through thrombosis
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| Fibrin | Insoluble, final product of thrombosis
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| Thrombin | Converts fibrogen to fibrin
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| Extrinsic pathway | Tissue factor
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| Intrinsic pathway | Platelet factor
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| Fibrinolysis | Slow process of dissolving blood clot
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| Plasmin | Digests fiber strands in blood clot
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| 3 stages of hemostasis | 1. Vascular phase
2. Platelet phase
3. Coagulation phase
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| Vascular Phase | Constriction of blood vessels
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| Platelet Phase | Platelet plug formation (within seconds)
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| Coagulation Phase | Formation of thrombus
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