Vocab
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| Contractility | Shorten with force
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| Excitability | Respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | Stretched
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| Epimysium | surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| Fascia | located inside the epimysium. separates muscles
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| Perimysium | a connective tissue sheet around the muscle fasciculi.
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| Fibers | Fasciculi composed of single muscle cells. A single cylindrical cell
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| Endomysium | fiber surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| Myofibrils | threadlike structures
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| actin myofilaments | thin;twisted pearls
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| myosin myofilaments | thick;minute golf clubs
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| sarcomeres | joined end to end to form myofibril
structural & functional unity of the muscle.
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| resting membrane potential | outside - positively charged inside - negatively charged
The change difference across the membrane
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| actin potential | stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly.
The brief reversal back of the change
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| Motor neurons | nerve cells
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| Neuromusclular junction |
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| Synapse | near the center of the cell
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| Motor unit | many motor units form a single muscle
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| Presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fibers
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| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell
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| acetylcholinesterase |
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| sliding filament mechanism | muscle contraction
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimules
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| threshold | point the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| all-or-none response | phenomenon
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| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated
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| creatine phosphate | when at rest can't stockpile ATP but can restore an high energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient)
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isometric | equal distance
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| isotonic | equal tension
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| muscle tone | constant tension
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | (head) most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| dome | shaped muscles. aids in breathing
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| linea alba | consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| rectus abdominis | on each side of the linea alba
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| tendinous inscriptions |
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles | the arm is attached to the thorax
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "swimmer muscles"
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| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| triceps brachii | extends the forearm.
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| brachialis | flexes forearm
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| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so they don't "bowstring" during muscle contraction
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| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles located within the hand
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| interossi | located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers
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| gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site
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| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| sartorius | "tailors muscles"; flexes the thigh
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| hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle
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| calcaneal tendon | calf muscles helps join to form
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| (Achilles tendons) | flex the foot and toes
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| peroneus | lateral muscles of the leg. primarily everters (turning the lateral side of the foot outward) also aid in plantar flexion
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| intrinsic foot | 20 muscles located within the foot. muscles flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
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