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Chapter 6 Muscles
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Contractility | Shorten with force |
| Excitability | Respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | Stretched |
| Epimysium | surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | located inside the epimysium. separates muscles |
| Perimysium | a connective tissue sheet around the muscle fasciculi. |
| Fibers | Fasciculi composed of single muscle cells. A single cylindrical cell |
| Endomysium | fiber surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Myofibrils | threadlike structures |
| actin myofilaments | thin;twisted pearls |
| myosin myofilaments | thick;minute golf clubs |
| sarcomeres | joined end to end to form myofibril structural & functional unity of the muscle. |
| resting membrane potential | outside - positively charged inside - negatively charged The change difference across the membrane |
| actin potential | stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. The brief reversal back of the change |
| Motor neurons | nerve cells |
| Neuromusclular junction | |
| Synapse | near the center of the cell |
| Motor unit | many motor units form a single muscle |
| Presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fibers |
| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter |
| acetylcholine | diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell |
| acetylcholinesterase | |
| sliding filament mechanism | muscle contraction |
| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimules |
| threshold | point the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| all-or-none response | phenomenon |
| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| creatine phosphate | when at rest can't stockpile ATP but can restore an high energy molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient) |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| isometric | equal distance |
| isotonic | equal tension |
| muscle tone | constant tension |
| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| origin | (head) most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| dome | shaped muscles. aids in breathing |
| linea alba | consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle |
| rectus abdominis | on each side of the linea alba |
| tendinous inscriptions | |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles | the arm is attached to the thorax |
| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "swimmer muscles" |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm. |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so they don't "bowstring" during muscle contraction |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles located within the hand |
| interossi | located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site |
| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| sartorius | "tailors muscles"; flexes the thigh |
| hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle |
| calcaneal tendon | calf muscles helps join to form |
| (Achilles tendons) | flex the foot and toes |
| peroneus | lateral muscles of the leg. primarily everters (turning the lateral side of the foot outward) also aid in plantar flexion |
| intrinsic foot | 20 muscles located within the foot. muscles flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
Created by:
AutumNicholas
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